{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:36:45Z","timestamp":1776937005150,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal neuropathies represent a rare but clinically important and potentially challenging aetiology of pain in athletes. Diagnostic ultrasound is commonly used in the evaluation of nerve entrapments, and has several advantages over other imaging modalities, including high resolution, portability, lack of ionising radiation, low cost, point-of-care access, ease of contralateral comparison and capability of Doppler and dynamic imaging techniques. In this review, we discuss the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of injuries to the brachial plexus including \u2018stingers,\u2019 suprascapular nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, common fibular nerve, tibial nerve and interdigital nerves of the foot at selected common sites of entrapment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T08:05:35Z","timestamp":1420617935000},"page":"166-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultrasound evaluation of focal neuropathies in athletes: a clinically-focused review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Evan","family":"Peck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Sports Health, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Strakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Associate Director of Medical Education, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"The McConnell Spine, Sport & Joint Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090606.60"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00057-1"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2004.09.004"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504265193"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.5","first-page":"229","article-title":"Brachial plexopathy: a clinical and electrophysiological study","volume":"44","author":"Puri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200006)23:6<863::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2000.0555"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000644"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1861"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1997-2"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strakowski JA . Ultrasound evaluation of focal neuropathies: correlation with electrodiagnosis. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing, 2014.","DOI":"10.1891\/9781617051159"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.3.1790699"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.13","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Sonographic mapping of the normal brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Demondion","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowden REM , Abdullah S , Gooding MR . Anatomy of the cervical spine, membranes, spinal cord, nerve roots, and brachial plexus. In: Brain WM, ed . Cervical spondylosis and other disorders of the cervical spine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1967 ;10\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-0043-9.50006-1"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep207"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268072"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0464-2"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400201"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.4.359","article-title":"Diagnosing suprascapular neuropathy in patients with shoulder dysfunction: a report of 5 cases","volume":"84","author":"Walsworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01743"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516985","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/516985","article-title":"Suprascapular nerve: is it important in cuff pathology?","volume":"2012","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Orthop"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.3.174"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.23","first-page":"68","article-title":"Entrapment of the suprascapular nerve: anatomy, etiology, diagnosis, treatment","volume":"9","author":"Gosk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050620"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.25","unstructured":"Johnson EW , Pease WS . Practical electromyography. 3rd edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997."},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.232025100"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20067"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1994.13.9.671","article-title":"Sonographic diagnosis and treatment of ganglion cysts causing suprascapular nerve entrapment","volume":"13","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2835"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.30","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: how frequent is the idiopathic form? An ultrasonographic study in a cohort of patients","volume":"28","author":"Filippou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199417030-00005"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70256-8"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197301000-00014","article-title":"Dynamic anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow","volume":"51","author":"Apfelberg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197505000-00027"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80004-X"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.36","first-page":"782","article-title":"The surgical treatment of tardy ulnar neuritis","volume":"39B","author":"Osborne","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2007.06.006"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.01.002"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951060-00004","article-title":"Ulnar-nerve compression syndromes at and below the wrist","volume":"51A","author":"Shea","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90182-2"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490440080014"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.42","first-page":"415","article-title":"Isolated compression of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve","volume":"26","author":"Bouche","year":"1986","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.43","first-page":"136","article-title":"Cubital tunnel syndrome. Part I. Presentation and diagnosis","volume":"23","author":"Folberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(09)90022-3"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.3.252"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520010040019"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20093"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2202001723"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.020"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198506000-00032","article-title":"The anatomy of the distal ulnar tunnel","volume":"196","author":"Gross","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841851.2010.503193"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113733.62689.0D"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1998.17.10.643","article-title":"Cubital tunnel syndrome: diagnosis by high-resolution ultrasonography","volume":"17","author":"Chiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.04.003"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21563","article-title":"Ultrasonography in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: comparison of cross-sectional area and swelling ratio with electrophysiological severity","volume":"41","author":"Bayrak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22019"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.09.008"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268068"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc08s199"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(86)90254-8"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810403001819"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.09.031"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0636-4"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8027.2002.02030.x"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199605000-00002"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.001"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00720-4","article-title":"Radial nerve compression","volume":"8","author":"Eaton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(79)80105-7"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2002.21.11.1289","article-title":"Ultrasonographic appearance of supinator syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Bodner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2011.536043"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2008.06.001"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9832"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.03.002"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.5.564"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078800900304"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506286344"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100002274"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196509302731405"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.01.011"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.8.1035","article-title":"Ultrasonography in tarsal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2649918"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.82","first-page":"185","article-title":"Functional nerve disorders in the athlete's foot, ankle and leg","volume":"42","author":"Baxter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31866-6","article-title":"Nerve entrapment, neuropathy, and nerve dysfunction in the athlete","volume":"25","author":"Schon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2008.01.001"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.2007.01886.x"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.2.148"},{"key":"2025080112235746000_49.3.166.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092345"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094268","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T19:24:09Z","timestamp":1754076249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]}}}