{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:39:11Z","timestamp":1792899551591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overuse wrist injuries can cause long-term symptoms in young athletes performing wrist-loading sports. Information on the prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors is required.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to review the prevalence and incidence of overuse wrist injuries in young athletes and to identify associated risk factors. We focused on popular wrist-loading youth sports\u2014gymnastics, tennis, field hockey, volleyball, judo and rowing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a literature search on athletes aged &lt;18\u2005years performing wrist-loading focus sports. Prevalence, incidence and\/or risk factor ORs for overuse wrist injuries were extracted directly or calculated from reported data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The search identified six studies on prevalence, five on incidence, and one on risk factors. Prevalence rates were 32\u201373% for <jats:italic>wrist pain<\/jats:italic> and 10\u201328% for <jats:italic>overuse wrist injury<\/jats:italic>. Incidence rates were 7\u20139% for <jats:italic>wrist pain<\/jats:italic> and 0.02\u201326% for <jats:italic>overuse wrist injury.<\/jats:italic> The three criteria associated with wrist pain were (with OR): age of 10\u201314\u2005years (11.5), training intensity (1.2), and earlier onset of gymnastics training (1.97).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prevalence and incidence of overuse wrist injuries was high in multiple studies of gymnasts, and largely unknown in other wrist-loading focus sports. Three key risk factors for wrist pain in gymnasts were age between 10 and 14\u2005years, earlier training commencement, and training intensity. Using \u2018wrist pain\u2019 in defining overuse, and further investigating risk factors can aid in identifying overuse wrist injuries in young athletes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T21:41:49Z","timestamp":1429047709000},"page":"1189-1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for overuse injuries of the wrist in young athletes: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Laura S","family":"Kox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Paul F M","family":"Kuijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino M M J","family":"Kerkhoffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique H W","family":"Frings-Dresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030020-00005"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2009.06.007"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2012.09.014"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.70B5.3192589","article-title":"Stress injury of the distal radial growth plate","volume":"70","author":"Carter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318259a5cc"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036806"},{"key":"2025080113562500000_49.18.1189.7","unstructured":"Van Haren B , Van Veldhoven NH . 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