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Following a prolonged period (\u22656\u2005months) of regular intensive exercise in previously untrained individuals, resting and submaximal exercising heart rates are typically 5\u201320 beats lower, with an increase in stroke volume of \u223c20% and enhanced myocardial contractility. Structurally, all four heart chambers increase in volume with mild increases in wall thickness, resulting in greater cardiac mass due to increased myocardial cell size. With this in mind, the present paper aims to review the basic science behind the CV benefits of exercise. Attention will be paid to understanding (1) the relationship between exercise and cardiac remodelling; (2) the cardiac cellular and molecular adaptations in response to exercise, including the examination of molecular mechanisms of physiological cardiac growth and applying these mechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets to prevent or reverse pathological remodelling and heart failure; and (3) vascular adaptations in response to exercise. Finally, this review will briefly examine how to optimise the CV benefits of exercise by considering how much and how intense exercise should be.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-306596rep","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T22:49:52Z","timestamp":1451947792000},"page":"93-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Basic science behind the cardiovascular benefits of exercise"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Mathew G","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina M","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N Tim","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410300676000_50.2.93.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430170057028"},{"key":"2024051410300676000_50.2.93.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681"},{"key":"2024051410300676000_50.2.93.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038422"},{"key":"2024051410300676000_50.2.93.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht347"},{"key":"2024051410300676000_50.2.93.5","unstructured":"Swedish National Institute of Public Health. 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