{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:14:31Z","timestamp":1793661271048,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stress fractures are common overuse injuries with up to 95% occurring in the lower extremities. Among runners, stress fractures account for 15\u201320% of all musculoskeletal injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically reviewed and critiqued the evidence regarding risk factors associated with increased risk of lower extremity stress fractures in runners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic, computerised literature search of Medline, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases (from database inception through 9 January 2014) using keywords related to risk factors and stress fractures. This systematic review with meta-analysis utilised the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for the search and reporting phases of the study. Inverse variance meta-analyses, using a random effects model were used to summarise ORs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>8 articles met the inclusion criteria; 7 were considered low risk. 4 articles qualified for meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis identified previous history of stress fracture and female sex as the primary risk factors for future stress fracture with a pooled OR of 4.99 (95% CI 2.91 to 8.56; p&lt;0.001; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0%) and 2.31 (95% CI 1.24 to 4.29; p&lt;0.01; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0%), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, only previous history of stress fracture and female sex are risk factors for lower extremity stress fractures strongly supported by the data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T03:05:09Z","timestamp":1437188709000},"page":"1517-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Risk factors associated with lower extremity stress fractures in runners: a systematic review with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Alexis A","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Siska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Smoliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/78510315"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036533"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093992"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00322"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001920"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1572"},{"key":"2024051410432306000_49.23.1517.8","unstructured":"Portney LG , Watkins MP . 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