{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:12:34Z","timestamp":1792818754496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"15","funder":[{"name":"German Federal Institute of Sports Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Absolute numbers of head injuries in football (soccer) are considerable because of its high popularity and the large number of players. In 2006 a rule was changed to reduce head injuries. Players were given a red card (sent off) for intentional elbow-head contact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the head injury mechanism and examine the effect of the rule change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on continuously recorded data from the German football magazine \u201ckicker\u201d, a database of all head injuries in the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>German Male Bundesliga was generated comprising seasons 2000\/01-2012\/13. Injury mechanisms were analysed from video recordings. Injury incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as well as incidence rate ratios (IRR) to assess differences before and after the rule change were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>356 head injuries were recorded (IR 2.22, 95% CI 2.00 to 2.46 per 1000 match hours). Contact with another player caused most head injuries, more specifically because of head-head (34%) or elbow-head (17%) contacts. After the rule change, head injuries were reduced by 29% (IRR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86, p=0.002). Lacerations\/abrasions declined by 42% (95% CI 0.39 to 0.85), concussions by 29% (95% CI 0.46 to 1.09), contusions by 18% (95% CI 0.43 to 1.55) and facial fractures by 16% (95% CI 0.55 to 1.28).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This rule change appeared to reduce the risk of head injuries in men\u2019s professional football.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1498265419000},"page":"948-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Head injuries in professional male football (soccer) over 13 years: 29% lower incidence rates after a rule change (red card)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Beaudouin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"aus der F\u00fcnten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Tr\u00f6\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Reinsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.009357"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260021301","article-title":"Concussion incidence in elite college soccer players","volume":"26","author":"Boden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/28.suppl_5.S-3"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131050-00006"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.865269"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092313"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31823021b2","article-title":"Heading in soccer: dangerous\u00a0play?","volume":"70","author":"Spiotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018937"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503261248"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069122","article-title":"Bodychecking rules and concussion in elite hockey","volume":"8","author":"Donaldson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i15","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036889","article-title":"Tackle mechanisms and match characteristics in women\u2019s elite football tournaments","volume":"41 Suppl 1","author":"Tscholl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i8","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036871","article-title":"Causation of injuries in female football players in top-level tournaments","volume":"41 Suppl 1","author":"Tscholl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025270"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.026609"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.51"},{"key":"2024051412011986000_53.15.948.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i20","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.037267","article-title":"Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. 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