{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:27:48Z","timestamp":1790130468862,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Para athletes reap significant health benefits from sport but are vulnerable to non-accidental harms. Little is known about the types and impacts of non-accidental harms Para athletes face. In this literature review, we summarise current knowledge and suggest priorities for future research related to non-accidental harms in Para athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six electronic databases were searched between August and September 2017. 2245 articles were identified in the initial title\/abstract review, and 202 records were selected for full-text review following preliminary screening. Two independent examiners evaluated each full text, and eight citations were selected based on inclusion\/exclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus and Academic Search Premier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inclusion criteria: (A) human participants; (B) written in English; (C) descriptive, cohort and case series, case\u2013control, qualitative, mixed methods studies and all clinical trials; and (D) data pertain to harassment\/abuse of youth, recreational, collegiate, national-level and\/or elite-level athletes with a physical and\/or intellectual impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies focused on young, visually impaired athletes and approximately half of all studies described high rates of bullying and its social implications. One study confirmed remarkably high rates of psychological, physical and sexual harms in Para athletes, compared with able-bodied peers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bullying in young, visually impaired athletes is described most commonly in the available literature. Due to the limited amount of data, the prevalence of non-accidental harms in Para athletes remains unclear and information on trends over time is similarly unavailable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T17:17:28Z","timestamp":1556212648000},"page":"129-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Non-accidental harms (\u2018abuse\u2019) in athletes with impairment (\u2018para athletes\u2019): a state-of-the-art review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5557-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yetsa A","family":"Tuakli-Wosornu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gentry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvey Cushing\/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly E","family":"Ona Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona C","family":"Doolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College School of Medicine, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor D","family":"Ottesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Naushad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2274-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandi","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.1","unstructured":"United Nations. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https:\/\/www.un.org\/ (accessed 17 Oct 2018)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093885"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl063"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.4","first-page":"369","article-title":"The effects of sports participation on young adolescents' emotional well-being","volume":"41","author":"Donaldson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.5","first-page":"89","article-title":"Sedentarism, active lifestyle and sport: Impact on health and obesity prevention","volume":"28","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671883","article-title":"Participation in college sports and protection from sexual victimization","volume":"6","author":"Fasting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.4.311","article-title":"Spoilsports (understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport)","volume":"36","author":"Mutrie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.8","unstructured":"International Paralympic Committee. The IPC - Who we are. https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/the-ipc\/about-us (accessed 8 Oct 2018)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.9","unstructured":"International Paralympic Committee. The IPC - Who we are. IPC Handbook. https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/the-ipc\/handbook (accessed 8 Oct 2018)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2008.10483583"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2015-0333","article-title":"Scarred for the Rest of My Career? Career-Long Effects of Abusive Leadership on Professional Athlete Aggression and Task Performance","volume":"38","author":"Carleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70198-8"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200.2011.608413","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Reflections on their Child\u2019s Experiences of Emotionally Abusive Coaching Practices","volume":"24","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600208413339","article-title":"Running the gauntlet: an examination of initiation\/hazing and sexual abuse in sport","volume":"8","author":"Kirby","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Aggress"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430430802591019"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1135","article-title":"Sexual abuse in sport: a model to prevent and protect athletes","volume":"20","author":"Parent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-009-0056-1"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701602418"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Report on Disability. https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/report\/en\/ (accessed 15 Nov 2017)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5277-0","article-title":"A national survey on violence and discrimination among people with disabilities","volume":"18","author":"Dammeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671882","article-title":"Vulnerability\/prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse","volume":"6","author":"Kirby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963099003893"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0098"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31458","article-title":"Recognition and prevention of child abuse in the child with disability","volume":"169","author":"Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0565"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096121"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094619"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.28","unstructured":"Valenti-Hein D , Schwartz LD . The sexual abuse interview for those with developmental difficulties. Santa Barbara, CA: James Stanfield Inc, 1995."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.29","unstructured":"National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Child Protection in Sport Unit. Safeguarding and inclusion of deaf and disabled children and young people in sport. https:\/\/thecpsu.org.uk\/resource-library\/2013\/safeguarding-deaf-and-disabled-children-and-young-people\/ (accessed 15 Nov 2017)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932515614967"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932516629219"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5206\/eei.v21i3.7679","article-title":"Bullying and victimization among students in special education and general education curricula","volume":"21","author":"Rose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exceptionality Education International"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.33","unstructured":"Kirby S , Greaves L H . Dome of Silence: sexual harassment and abuse in sport. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing, 2000."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101269097032002001"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasting K . Gender, Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport. In: Sobiech G , G\u00fcnter S , eds. Sport & Gender - (inter) national sports sociological gender studies: Theoretical approaches, practices and perspectives. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS, 2017:167\u201377.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-13098-5_12"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.36","unstructured":"Brackenridge C , Kirby S , Leahy T , et al . The Place of Sport in the UN Study on Violence against Children. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Innocenti Discussion Papers no. IDP 2010-01."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasting K . Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport: Implications for Sport Psychologists. In: Raab M , Wylleman P , Seiler R , et al . eds. Sport and Exercise Psychology Research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2016:323\u201345.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803634-1.00015-7"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2002.10516331"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci3030326"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051433"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101269001036004006"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.42","unstructured":"Crooks CV , Wolfe DA . Child abuse and neglect. In: Mash EJ , Barkley RA , eds. Assessment of childhood disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2007:639\u201384."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.43","unstructured":"Safe Sport International. Challenging Violence in Sport: Safe Sport International Conference. Madrid, Spain 2018."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671881","article-title":"The characteristics of sexual abuse in sport: a multidimensional scaling analysis of events described in media reports","volume":"6","author":"Brackenridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.068320"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000600","article-title":"Pain management in athletes with impairment: a narrative review of management strategies","volume":"28","author":"Grobler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306400903010123"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.49","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/index.aspx?o=5653 (accessed 2 Jun 2018)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619616678651","article-title":"\u201cKids like me, we go lightly on the head\u201d: Experiences of children with a visual impairment on the physical self-concept","volume":"35","author":"de Schipper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Vis Impair"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1711100205","article-title":"Physical education experiences at residential schools for students who are blind: a phenomenological inquiry","volume":"111","author":"Haegele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.006","article-title":"Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium","volume":"51","author":"Vertommen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568213505625"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2289","article-title":"Playing through pain: children and young people\u2019s experiences of physical aggression and violence in sport","volume":"22","author":"Stafford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.56","first-page":"365","article-title":"Bullying experiences of individuals with visual impairment: the mitigating role of sport participation","volume":"36","author":"Danes-Staples","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2017.1299268","article-title":"Friendship at any cost: parent perspectives on cyberbullying children with intellectual and developmental disabilities","volume":"10","author":"McHugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ment Health Res Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/0312407X.2016.1142589","article-title":"Secrecy surrounding the physical abuse of child athletes in Australia","volume":"70","author":"McPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian Social Work"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2015-0088","article-title":"Bullying victimization and perpetration among adolescent sport teammates","volume":"28","author":"Evans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.11.015","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of bullying perpetration and victimization among school-aged youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"49-50","author":"Ma\u00efano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1568","article-title":"Prevalence of school bullying among youth with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ma\u00efano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2018.1484067","article-title":"Females with visual impairments in physical education: exploring the intersection between disability and gender identities","volume":"89","author":"Haegele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2017.1346781","article-title":"Experiences of individuals with visual impairments in integrated physical education: a retrospective study","volume":"88","author":"Haegele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2017-0132","article-title":"Experiences in physical education: exploring the intersection of visual impairment and maleness","volume":"35","author":"Haegele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.19.1.48","article-title":"Empowerment through the sport context: a model to guide research for individuals with disability","volume":"19","author":"Pensgaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090345"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.67","unstructured":"Brackenridge CH , Rivers I , Gough B , et al . Driving down participation: Homophobic bullying as a deterrent to doing sport. Aitchison C , ed. Sport, and gender identities: Masculinities, femininities and sexualities. London, UK: Routledge, 2018:120\u201337."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0544-7","article-title":"Perceived barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with disability: a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Shields","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090236"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2012.04.001"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0663.91.2.216"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.808085","article-title":"Oscar Pistorius and the melancholy of intersectionality","volume":"28","author":"Swartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.74","first-page":"179","article-title":"Protocol design for large-scale cross-sectional studies of sexual abuse and associated factors in individual sports: feasibility study in Swedish athletics","volume":"14","author":"Timpka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.573459"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31820f9248"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.77","unstructured":"International Olympic Committee. IOC launches toolkit for olympic movement to safeguard athletes from harassment and abuse in sport. https:\/\/www.olympic.org\/news\/ioc-launches-toolkit-for-olympic-movement-to-safeguard-athletes-from-harassment-and-abuse-in-sport (accessed 20 Aug 2018)."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690204049804"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.79","unstructured":"Alexander K , Stafford A , Lewis R . The Experiences of Children Participating in Organised Sport in the UK. London, UK: National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, 2011."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1477222","article-title":"Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: a systematic literature review","volume":"27","author":"Bj\u00f8rnseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abus"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101269097032004005"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.82","unstructured":"Kirby SL , Kerr GA . Safe Sport Canada Presentation to the Federal Government. 2018."},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1135","article-title":"Sexual abuse in sport: a model to prevent and protect athletes","volume":"20","author":"Sylvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"key":"2025080112325223000_54.3.129.84","unstructured":"Farstad S . Protecting children\u2019s rights in sport: the use of minimum age. https:\/\/www.nottingham.ac.uk\/hrlc\/documents\/publications\/hrlcommentary2007\/childrensrightsinsport.pdf (accessed 15 Nov 2017)."}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T19:33:05Z","timestamp":1754076785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099854","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}}}