{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:44:43Z","timestamp":1790631883367,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mass participation endurance sports events are popular but a large number of participants are older and may be at risk of medical complications during events. Medical encounters (defined fully in the statement) include those traditionally considered \u2018musculoskeletal\u2019 (eg, strains) and those due to \u2018illness\u2019 (eg, cardiac, respiratory, endocrine). The rate of sudden death during mass endurance events (running, cycling and triathlon) is between 0.4 and 3.3 per 100 000 entrants. The rate of other serious medical encounters (eg, exertional heat stroke, hyponatraemia) is rarely reported; in runners it can be up to 100 times higher than that of sudden death, that is, between 16 and 155 per 100 000 race entrants. This consensus statement has two goals. It (1) defines terms for injury and illness-related medical encounters, severity and timing of medical encounters, and diagnostic categories of medical encounters, and (2) describes the methods for recording data at mass participation endurance sports events and reporting results to authorities and for publication. This unifying consensus statement will allow data from various events to be compared and aggregated. This will inform athlete\/patient management, and thus make endurance events safer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T22:16:09Z","timestamp":1550873769000},"page":"1048-1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Medical encounters (including injury and illness) at mass community-based endurance sports events: an international consensus statement on definitions and methods of data recording and reporting"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schwellnus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Kipps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-4330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William O","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A","family":"Drezner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"D\u2019Hemecourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Troyanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina Christina","family":"Janse van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannelene","family":"Killops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5380-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Borresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Harrast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo E","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bermon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bigard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Migliorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esme","family":"Jordaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Borjesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.10.064"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093470"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093471"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093472"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breedt M , Janse van Rensburg DC , Fletcher L , et al . The injury and illness profile of male and female participants in a 94.7 km Cycle Race: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin J Sport Med 2017:1.doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000517","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000517"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340.2","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097372.145","article-title":"Incidence of acute traumatic injuries and medical complications in 34 033 cyclists participating in a mass community based event \u2013 safer cycling","volume":"51","author":"Killops","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181e6301d","article-title":"Youth marathon runners and race day medical risk over 26 years","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009000-00004","article-title":"A 12-yr profile of medical injury and illness for the Twin Cities Marathon","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.01.019"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181485"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.11.034"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316676042"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738110373066"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.01.023"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)89181-3"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.014","article-title":"My patient wants to perform strenuous endurance exercise. What\u2019s the right advice?","volume":"197","author":"Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000664"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198410043111402"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091119"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318258b59a"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.008"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106468"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2011.03248.x"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000392797.09383.41","article-title":"Myocardial infarction & sudden death in recreational master marathon runners","volume":"36","author":"Finn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nurse Pract"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512444555"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195626","article-title":"Mortality in long-distance running races in Sweden - 2007-2016","volume":"13","author":"Nilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht347"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13037"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000262","article-title":"Prevention, Evaluation, and Rehabilitation of Cycling-Related Injury","volume":"15","author":"Kotler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.368"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0847","article-title":"Death and Cardiac Arrest in U.S. Triathlon Participants, 1985 to 2016","volume":"167","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.05.046"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000366","article-title":"Premarathon evaluations: is there a role for runner prerace medical screening and education to reduce the risk of medical complications?","volume":"16","author":"Schwellnus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025270"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31803220b3"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095686"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093241"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.076992"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092380"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094538"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092371"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096215"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092375"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093606"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X14000429","article-title":"Enhancing the minimum data set for mass-gathering research and evaluation: an integrative literature review","volume":"29","author":"Ranse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X14001216","article-title":"Mass-gathering health research foundational theory: part 1 - population models for mass gatherings","volume":"29","author":"Lund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318059b536"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.017517"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S7715","article-title":"Revision, uptake and coding issues related to the open access Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) versions 8, 9 and 10.1","volume":"1","author":"Orchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Access J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000050","article-title":"An organized medical response for the Vancouver International Marathon (2006-2011): when the rubber hits the road","volume":"13","author":"Turris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099275"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315599891"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093872"},{"key":"2024100707101388000_53.17.1048.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615710"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1728310310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]}}}