{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:07:21Z","timestamp":1791929241574,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2) diabetes mellitus (DM) are significant precursors and comorbidities to cardiovascular disease and prevalence of both types is still rising globally. Currently,~25% of participants (and rising) attending cardiac rehabilitation in Europe, North America and Australia have been reported to have DM (&gt;90% have T2DM). While there is some debate over whether improving glycaemic control in those with heart disease can independently improve future cardiovascular health-related outcomes, for the individual patient whose blood glucose is well controlled, it can aid the exercise programme in being more efficacious. Good glycaemic management not only helps to mitigate the risk of acute glycaemic events during exercising, it also aids in achieving the requisite physiological and psycho-social aims of the exercise component of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). These benefits are strongly associated with effective behaviour change, including increased enjoyment, adherence and self-efficacy. It is known that CR participants with DM have lower uptake and adherence rates compared with those without DM. This expert statement provides CR practitioners with nine recommendations aimed to aid in the participant\u2019s improved blood glucose control before, during and after exercise so as to prevent the risk of glycaemic events that could mitigate their beneficial participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T16:42:40Z","timestamp":1608741760000},"page":"709-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Acute glycaemic management before, during and after exercise for cardiac rehabilitation participants with diabetes mellitus: a joint statement of the British and Canadian Associations of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the International Council for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation and the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6235-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P","family":"Buckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shrewsbury Centre for Active Living, University of Chester Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Chester, Cheshire West and Chester, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"LMC Healthcare, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane","family":"Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK"},{"name":"Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M","family":"Bracken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University College of Engineering, Swansea, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Kristelle","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotel-Dieu de Levis, Laval University Faculty of Medicine, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"LaGerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne Pty Ltd, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164117744490","article-title":"An analysis of barriers to entry of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with diabetes: using data from the National audit of cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12564","article-title":"Update of diabetes UK evidence-based nutritional guidelines for 2018: a celebration of two leading journals working together to improve nutritional science and dietetic care for people living with diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Mellor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13603"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.5","unstructured":"AACVPR . Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs 5th Edition With Web Resource. In: Champaign Illinpois: human kinetics. 5th edn, 2013."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e31823be0bc","article-title":"Recommendations for managing patients with diabetes mellitus in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation: an American association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation statement","volume":"32","author":"Lopez-Jimenez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemps H , Krankel N , Dorr M , et al . Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what to pursue and how to do it. A position paper of the European association of preventive cardiology (EAPC). Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;2047487318820420.","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318820420"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90152-3"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.01.018","article-title":"Physical activity and diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Sigal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.10.008","article-title":"Physical activity and diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Sigal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300439"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30014-1","article-title":"Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement","volume":"5","author":"Riddell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181eeb61c"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0192-1","article-title":"Resources to guide exercise specialists managing adults with diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.04.010","article-title":"Techniques for exercise preparation and management in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Pinsker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.17","unstructured":"Koufaki P . Exercise Testing for People with Diabetes. In: Winter EM , Jones AM , Davison RCR , et al , eds. Bases sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines. 2nd edn. Oxford: Routledge, 2007: 147\u201355."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1471","article-title":"Abcd position statement on physical activity and exercise in diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Nagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Practical Diabetes International"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13865","article-title":"Physical exercise and non-insulin glucose-lowering therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review","volume":"36","author":"Eckstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000172","article-title":"Syncing exercise with meals and circadian clocks","volume":"47","author":"Heden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1351","article-title":"Guidelines on the current best practice for the management of type 1 diabetes, sport and exercise","volume":"26","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract Diab Int"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-063"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl260"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316667784"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.25","unstructured":"Cosentino F , Grant PJ , Aboyans V , et al . 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. European heart journal 2019."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3283294b1d"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315569401"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.28","unstructured":"NACR . National audit for cardiac rehabilitation. British Heart Foundation, York University, 2017."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0612-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Schofield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.30","unstructured":"NICE C . Lower limb peripheral arterial disease: diagnosis and management. National Insitute of health and clinical excellence 2012."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4113"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60568-7","article-title":"Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989\u20132003 and predicted new cases 2005\u201320: a multicentre prospective registration study","volume":"373","author":"Patterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000161","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes prevalence increasing globally and regionally: the role of natural selection and life expectancy at birth","volume":"4","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666160927122643","article-title":"The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Costacou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.35","first-page":"971","article-title":"Current state of type 1 diabetes treatment in the U","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"S.: updated data from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Diabetes care"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.36","first-page":"504","article-title":"Glycemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: our evolving faith in the face of evidence","volume":"9","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2018"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(11)70017-1"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.39","unstructured":"ACSM . ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th ed.. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2017."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60646-1"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1\u00b79 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.42","unstructured":"BACPR . Standards and core components of cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation. 3nd Edition, 2017."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314206"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.12.008","article-title":"Australian cardiovascular health and rehabilitation association (acrA) core components of cardiovascular disease secondary prevention and cardiac rehabilitation 2014","volume":"24","author":"Woodruffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart, Lung and Circulation"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014572179502100607"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0720"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.02.006","article-title":"We can work (it) out together: type 1 diabetes boot cAMP for adult patients and providers improves exercise self-efficacy","volume":"42","author":"Dyck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2018.08.193","article-title":"Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.04.049","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation goal attainment after myocardial infarction with versus without diabetes: a nationwide registry study","volume":"292","author":"Wallert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S84268","article-title":"Clinical significance of barriers to blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes patients with insufficient glycemic control","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.01.003","article-title":"Reproducibility in the cardiometabolic responses to high-intensity interval exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Riddell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12870"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1855"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0947-0","article-title":"Structured therapeutic education in diabetes: is it time to re-write the chapter on the prevention of diabetic complications?","volume":"53","author":"Gazzaruso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0775-7","article-title":"The role of patient education in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: an overview","volume":"53","author":"Coppola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2017.07.012","article-title":"Therapeutic lifestyle changes for diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Levesque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nursing Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.982"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.985"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0126-3"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.60","unstructured":"Acevado EO , Ekkikakis PE . The Psychobiology of physical activity. 1st ed. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 2006."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.4.505"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince SA , Blanchard CM , Grace SL , et al . Objectively-measured sedentary time and its association with markers of cardiometabolic health and fitness among cardiac rehabilitation graduates. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.07.440"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4180-4","article-title":"Adding exercise or subtracting sitting time for glycaemic control: where do we stand?","volume":"60","author":"Dempsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051763"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2677-z"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034916","article-title":"Association of sedentary behaviour with metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Edwardson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones JL , Buckley JP , Furze G S . Cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation in practice, 2nd edition. 2nd ed. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2020 April, 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119071006"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.297"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1844"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0461","article-title":"Closed-Loop insulin delivery for adults with type 1 diabetes undertaking high-intensity interval exercise versus moderate-intensity exercise: a randomized, crossover study","volume":"19","author":"Jayawardene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.10.5.584"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1075-4","article-title":"Ketosis-Prone diabetes (Flatbush diabetes): an emerging worldwide clinically important entity","volume":"18","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6797.260"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2014.02.2043"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2011.05.1909","article-title":"Prescribing exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes: recommendations and precautions","volume":"39","author":"Colberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.76","first-page":"218","article-title":"Effect of chronic uraemia on skeletal muscle metabolism in man","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy351","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity following exercise-based renal rehabilitation in patients with chronic kidney disease: the effect of programme completion and change in exercise capacity","volume":"34","author":"Greenwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0615"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713500","article-title":"Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on VO2 kinetics during pseudorandom binary sequence exercise","volume":"60","author":"Kowalchuk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0328-5"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001184","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic Responsiveness in the Type 2 Diabetic Heart: Effects on Cardiac Reserve","volume":"49","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00057","article-title":"Heart rate dynamics after exercise in cardiac patients with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Neves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805252982116"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061287","article-title":"Pre-Exercise blood glucose levels determine the amount of orally administered carbohydrates during physical exercise in individuals with type 1 Diabetes\u2014A randomized cross-over trial","volume":"11","author":"Moser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2467"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2204"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.625"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1202921","article-title":"Efficacy of hypoglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetes stratified by age or diagnosed age: a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2355","article-title":"What should be the antihypertensive drug of choice in diabetic patients and should we avoid drugs that increase glucose levels? pro and cons","volume":"28","author":"Standl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164112448876"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30033-5","article-title":"Integration of recent evidence into management of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Standl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.92","unstructured":"Poirier P . Pharmacologic and Surgical, Interventions That Prevent or Worsen, Type 2 Diabetes. In: McGuire DK , Marx N , eds. Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease; A companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2015: 57\u201371."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151543","article-title":"The role of metformin response in lipid metabolism in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: HbA1c level as a criterion for Designating patients as responders or nonresponders to metformin","volume":"11","author":"Kashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111371"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22288"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-015-0592-x","article-title":"A comparison of vasodilating and Non-vasodilating beta-blockers and their effects on cardiometabolic risk","volume":"17","author":"Fergus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e3282a30676"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.98","first-page":"198","article-title":"[Effects of different sulfonylureas on the warm-up phenomenon in diabetes patients with coronary artery disease]","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2008.02.006"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022577","article-title":"Comparative safety of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Donnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0843"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1380"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32590-X"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814566233"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282efaf38"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4767-z"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181ae0654"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.03.015"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00003"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1475"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2263"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.8.924"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.114","first-page":"CD003331","article-title":"Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90153-Z"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194750","article-title":"Heart rate dynamics during cardio-pulmonary exercise testing are associated with glycemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Moser","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4022-4","article-title":"Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Thabit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.04.005","article-title":"The impact of technology on current diabetes management","volume":"62","author":"Garvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0168"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000085"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13534","article-title":"Reduction in insulin degludec dosing for multiple exercise sessions improves time spent in euglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"21","author":"Moser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.03.016","article-title":"Severe hypoglycemia in the look ahead trial","volume":"30","author":"Greenway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13708","article-title":"Lower rates of hypoglycaemia in older individuals with type 2 diabetes using insulin degludec versus insulin Glargine u100: results from switch 2","volume":"21","author":"Heller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12588","article-title":"Similar risk of exercise-related hypoglycaemia for insulin degludec to that for insulin Glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized cross-over trial","volume":"18","author":"Heise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1888"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.127","unstructured":"ACSM . ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2013."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.128","unstructured":"BACPR . A practical approach to exercise and physical activity in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. London: British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2014."},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-303460"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01319.x"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0229-0","article-title":"Obesity, type 2 diabetes and bone in adults","volume":"100","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16044","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.44","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: toward a comprehensive understanding of pathological mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30409"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.134","unstructured":"Diabetes-UK . Position statement, prevention of type 2 diabetes: whole-society interventions to reduce obesity, 2015. Available: wwwdiabetesorguk"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11631910-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.01.303"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00921.2011"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136489"},{"key":"2025080114533767000_55.13.709.139","first-page":"1645","article-title":"The impact of burst exercise on cardiometabolic status of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T21:53:51Z","timestamp":1754085231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3674","1473-0480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3674","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-0480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}