{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1792555096401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009003","name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003179","name":"Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000034","name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["293332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["293332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of policy change disallowing body checking in adolescent ice hockey leagues (ages 15\u201317) on reducing rates of injury and concussion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a prospective cohort study. Players 15\u201317\u2009years-old were recruited from teams in non-elite divisions of play (lower 40%\u201370% by division of play depending on year and city of play in leagues where policy permits or prohibit body checking in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada (2015\u201318). A validated injury surveillance methodology supported baseline, exposure-hours and injury data collection. Any player with a suspected concussion was referred to a study physician. Primary outcomes include game-related injuries, game-related injuries (&gt;7 days time loss), game-related concussions and game-related concussions (&gt;10 days time loss).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>44 teams (453 player-seasons) from non-body checking and 52 teams (674 player-seasons) from body checking leagues participated. In body checking leagues there were 213 injuries (69 concussions) and in non-body checking leagues 40 injuries (18 concussions) during games. Based on multiple multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression analyses, policy prohibiting body checking was associated with a lower rate of injury (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.38 (95%\u2009CI 0.24 to 0.6)) and concussion (IRR: 0.49; 95%\u2009CI 0.26 to 0.89). This translates to an absolute rate reduction of 7.82 injuries\/1000 game-hours (95%\u2009CI 2.74 to 12.9) and the prevention of 7326 injuries (95%\u2009CI 2570 to 12083) in Canada annually.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate of injury was 62% lower (concussion 51% lower) in leagues not permitting body checking in non-elite 15\u201317\u2009years old leagues highlighting the potential public health impact of policy prohibiting body checking in older adolescent ice hockey players.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T17:30:32Z","timestamp":1621531832000},"page":"12-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Body checking in non-elite adolescent ice hockey leagues: it is never too late for policy change aiming to protect the health of adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn A","family":"Emery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Eliason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineetha","family":"Warriyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz","family":"Palacios-Derflingher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Marie","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciek","family":"Krolikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Sick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelina","family":"Babul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mrazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Goulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brent E","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040621400743000_56.1.12.1","unstructured":"Hockey Canada . 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