{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T12:21:27Z","timestamp":1794486087060,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"The costs for the access to the media portal of the German Football League were borne by the German statutory accident insurance for professional athletes (VBG)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To closely describe the injury inciting events of acute hamstring injuries in professional male football (soccer) using systematic video analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Video footage from four seasons (2014\u20132019) of the two highest divisions in German male football was searched for moderate and severe (ie, time loss of &gt;7 days) acute non-contact and indirect contact match hamstring injuries. Two raters independently categorised inciting events using a standardised procedure to determine specific injury patterns and kinematics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>52 cases of hamstring injuries were included for specific pattern analysis. The pattern analysis revealed 25 sprint-related (48%) and 27 stretch-related hamstring injuries (52%). All sprint-related hamstring injuries occured during linear acceleration or high-speed running. Stretch-related hamstring injuries were connected with closed chain movements like braking or stopping with a lunging or landing action and open chain movements like kicking. The kinematic analysis of stretch-related injuries revealed a change of movement involving knee flexion to knee extension and a knee angle of &lt;45\u00b0 at the assumed injury frame in all open and closed chain movements. Biceps femoris was the most affected muscle (79%) of all included cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the variety of inciting events, rapid movements with high eccentric demands of the posterior thigh are likely the main hamstring injury mechanism. This study provides important data about how hamstring injuries occur in professional male football and supports the need for demand-specific multicomponent risk reduction programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T13:25:30Z","timestamp":1638883530000},"page":"165-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5610-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8438-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Hoenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha","family":"Pietzonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-3612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Edouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510395879"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103159"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101344"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095359"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090155"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090664"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100983"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0975-4","article-title":"Intra- and Inter-Muscular Variations in Hamstring Architecture and Mechanics and Their Implications for Injury: A Narrative Review","volume":"48","author":"Kellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03658-8","article-title":"The mechanism of hamstring injuries - a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Danielsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025270"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100250"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0121"},{"key":"2024051415010925000_56.3.165.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13437","article-title":"Late swing or early stance? 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