{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1775743971162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003965","name":"International Olympic Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012856","name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Graduate Student Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Student Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008459","name":"University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program","award":["Graduate Student Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Student Scholarship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012856","name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000031","name":"Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Canada Graduate Student Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Canada Graduate Student Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the incidence rates and odds of concussion between youth ice hockey players based on mouthguard use and helmet age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within a 5-year longitudinal cohort (2013\/2014 to 2017\/2018) of male and female ice hockey players (ages 11\u201318; n=3330 players) in Alberta (Canada), we analysed the relationship of equipment and concussion in both a prospective cohort and nested case (concussion) control (acute musculoskeletal injury) approach. The prospective cohort included baseline assessments documenting reported mouthguard use (yes\/sometimes, no use), helmet age (newer\/&lt;2 years old, older\/\u22652 years old) and important covariables (weight, level of play, position of play, concussion history, body checking policy), with weekly player participation throughout the season. The nested case\u2013control component used injury reports to document equipment (mouthguard use, helmet age) and other information (eg, mechanism and type of injury) for the injury event. Multivariable mixed effects negative binomial regression (prospective cohort, incidence rate ratios (IRRs)) and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression (nested case\u2013control, odds ratios (OR)) examined the association between equipment and concussion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Players who reported wearing a mouthguard had a 28% lower concussion rate (IRR=0.72, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.93) and 57% lower odds of concussion (OR=0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.70) compared with non-wearers. There were no associations in the concussion rate (IRR=0.95, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.18) and odds (OR=1.16, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.86) between newer and older helmets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wearing a mouthguard was associated with a lower concussion rate and odds. Policy mandating use should be considered in youth ice hockey. More research is needed to identify other helmet characteristics (eg, quality, fit) that could lower concussion risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T17:57:06Z","timestamp":1685469426000},"page":"571-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Protective equipment in youth ice hockey: are mouthguards and helmet age relevant to concussion risk?concussionfor mouthguard wearers"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ash T","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul H","family":"Eliason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Galarneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5668-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Marie","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brent E","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn A","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094978"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506290061"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097452"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101011"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514541926"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00120.x"},{"key":"2024051422411161000_57.10.571.8","unstructured":"Hockey Canada . 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