{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:18:50Z","timestamp":1790810330435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse injuries and illnesses during the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Summer Games.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective descriptive study included 11\u2009420 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees and 312\u2009883 non-athletes. Incidences of injuries and illnesses during the competition period from 21 July to 8 August 2021 were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 567 athletes (416 injuries, 51 non-heat-related illnesses and 100 heat-related illnesses) and 541 non-athletes (255 injuries, 161 non-heat-related illnesses and 125 heat-related illnesses) were treated at the competition venue clinic. Patient presentation and hospital transportation rates per 1000 athletes were 50 and 5.8, respectively. Marathons and race walking had the highest incidence of injury and illness overall (17.9%; n=66). The highest incidence of injury (per participant) was noted in boxing (13.8%; n=40), sport climbing (12.5%; n=5) and skateboarding (11.3%; n=9), excluding golf, with the highest incidence of minor injuries. Fewer infectious illnesses than previous Summer Olympics were reported among the participants. Of the 100 heat-related illnesses in athletes, 50 occurred in the marathon and race walking events. Only six individuals were transported to a hospital due to heat-related illness, and none required hospital admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injuries and heat-related illnesses were lower than expected at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Summer Games. No catastrophic events occurred. Appropriate preparation including illness prevention protocols, and treatment and transport decisions at each venue by participating medical personnel may have contributed to these positive results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T13:22:52Z","timestamp":1681392172000},"page":"1361-1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Acute in-competition medical care at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4565-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideharu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tama, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Disaster Management and EMS, Kokushikan University, Tama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Otomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Masuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kousuke","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Saitama City Hospital, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Emergency Life Saving Academy Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Kokushikan University, Tama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Emergency and Critical Care Center, 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Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tama, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-071X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironori","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University, Tama, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Numata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services Department, The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Kokushikan University, Tama, 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