{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:45:46Z","timestamp":1790419546304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess effectiveness equivalence between two commonly prescribed 12-week exercise programmes targeting either the quadriceps or the hip muscles in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This randomised controlled equivalence trial included patients with a clinical diagnosis of PFP. Participants were randomly assigned to either a 12-week quadriceps-focused exercise (QE) or a hip-focused exercise (HE) programme. The primary outcome was the change in Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS) (0\u2013100) from baseline to 12-week follow-up. Prespecified equivalence margins of \u00b18 points on the AKPS were chosen to demonstrate comparable effectiveness. Key secondary outcomes were the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire pain, physical function and knee-related quality of life subscales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>200 participants underwent randomisation; 100 assigned to QE and 100 to HE (mean age 27.2 years (SD 6.4); 69% women). The least squares mean changes in AKPS (primary outcome) were 7.6 for QE and 7.0 for HE (difference 0.6 points, 95%\u2009CI \u22122.0 to 3.2; test for equivalence p&lt;0.0001), although neither programme surpassed the minimal clinically important change threshold. None of the group differences in key secondary outcomes exceeded predefined equivalence margins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 12-week QE and HE protocols provided equivalent improvements in symptoms and function for patients with PFP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT03069547\">NCT03069547<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1683134425000},"page":"1287-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Quadriceps or hip exercises for patellofemoral pain? 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