{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:18:54Z","timestamp":1789517934044,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"21","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003965","name":"The International Olympic Committee","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate prevention interventions and potential modifiable risk factors (MRFs) for female\/woman\/girl athletes\u2019 spine, chest, abdominal or pelvic injury and\/or pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review with meta-analyses, semiquantitative analyses and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, CDSR, CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, ERIC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary data studies with comparison group(s) assessing the association of prevention interventions and\/or MRFs for spine, chest, abdominal and\/or pelvic injury\/pain with \u22651 female\/woman\/girl athlete in each study group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across 105 studies (n=11 interventions, n=92 MRFs, n=2\u2009both, n=35 female\/woman\/girl-specific estimates) including 59\u2009833 participants (23.7%\u2009females\/women\/girls) 9 injury\/pain outcomes were assessed (n=74 low-back, n=14\u2009back, n=13\u2009neck, n=5 pelvis, n=3 thoracic, n=3 abdominal, n=3 trunk, n=2\u2009rib, n=1 breast). Three prevention strategies (exercise, equipment, rule-change) and 22 MRFs were identified. High risk of confounding bias (Downs and Black quality assessment tool) was present in 92% and 63% of intervention and MRF studies, respectively. Considering female\/woman\/girl estimates, we performed meta-analyses (standardised mean-difference) on 4 MRFs (body mass, body mass index (BMI), weekly training hours, spinal flexion) for low-back pain (LBP) and semiquantitative analyses for one intervention (exercise), and 3 MRFs (yearly training load, hip motion, hip strength) for LBP. Very low-certainty evidence suggests no difference in body mass (g=0.28, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.06 to 0.62; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =67.7%), BMI (g=0.22, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.25 to 0.69; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =68.2%), weekly training hours (g=0.15, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.29 to 0.58; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =45.6%) or spinal flexion (g=0.27, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.23 to 0.76; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =40.4%) between female\/women\/girls athletes with and without LBP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited knowledge about prevention interventions or MRFs for female\/women\/girl athletes\u2019 spine, chest, abdominal and\/or pelvic injury\/pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024479654.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-109900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T07:50:13Z","timestamp":1756713013000},"page":"1515-1528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevention strategies and modifiable risk factors for spine, chest, abdominal and\/or pelvic injury and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the Female, woman and\/or girl Athlete Injury pRevention (FAIR) consensus"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-4976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie L","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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