{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:50:05Z","timestamp":1790873405020,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"University of Liverpool FHLS Studentship Scheme"},{"name":"My Name\u20195 Doddie Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000406","name":"Motor Neurone Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To map existing epidemiological evidence assessing the relationship of sport-related trauma and Motor Neurone Disease\/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (MND\/ALS), identify potential mechanistic pathways through which athletic exposures may influence disease risk and highlight gaps informing future research priorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping Review. Online databases were used to retrieve data from available sources to 25 September 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Published and grey literature in English were identified through searches of ProQuest Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Sport Discus and PubMed. Studies were deemed eligible if they examined MND\/ALS in the context of sport-related physical trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The scoping review was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A three-step search strategy identified primary studies, secondary literature and grey literature. Following screening, data were extracted using a standardised charting tool to develop a descriptive analysis and thematic synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search identified 3307 records, with 45 studies meeting inclusion criteria. General physical activity does not elevate MND\/ALS risk; however, professional participation in high-impact sports, particularly those involving repetitive head impacts, has been associated with a 4\u201315-fold increased risk of MND\/ALS. However, current evidence is largely descriptive, correlative and lacks mechanistic insights to verify causation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review highlights a plausible association between repeated physical trauma in sport and MND\/ALS, particularly in professional sports with high exposure to repeated head impacts. Future research should identify biological mechanisms linking trauma exposure with MND\/ALS, integrating biomarker, experimental and longitudinal study designs to clarify causal mechanisms and inform risk mitigation in sport.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-111410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:20:35Z","timestamp":1778779235000},"page":"900-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sport-related trauma and motor neurone disease: a scoping review of epidemiology, mechanisms and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Josh","family":"Bate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool 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