{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T15:51:47Z","timestamp":1786549907756,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Sports Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Provide an updated comparison of the prevalence of mild or more severe depressive symptoms between high-performance athletes and non-athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparative OR meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed (Medline), PsycINFO (Ebsco), Scopus (Elsevier) and SportDiscus (Ebsco). We conducted hand searches of reference lists of relevant papers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were included that were published in full in English; compared high-performance athletes and non-athletes; used a validated measure of depressive symptoms; and provided the prevalence of individuals who indicated at least mild depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1834 records were screened, 58 reviewed for eligibility, and five studies were included and added to five studies from our previous meta-analysis. Collectively, 10 studies reporting data on 2430 high-performance athletes and 2725 non-athletes were evaluated. A risk of bias in prevalence studies assessment demonstrated an agreement between the two evaluating authors that was considered substantial or strong with a kappa statistic of 0.75. There was no significant difference in depressive symptom prevalence between high-performance athletes and non-athletes (OR=1.016, 95% CI=0.815\u2009to 1.267, p=0.888). Male high-performance athletes (n=1708) were no more likely than male non-athletes (n=1556) to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms (OR=0.936, 95% CI=0.710\u2009to 1.235, p=0.641). Female high-performance athletes (n=722) were no more likely than female non-athletes (n=1157) to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.031, 95% CI=0.818\u2009to 1.299, p=0.796). Male high-performance athletes (n=1019) were 47% less likely to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms than female high-performance athletes (n=722) (OR=0.527, 95% CI=0.418\u2009to 0.664, p&lt;0.001). Male non-athletes (n=955) were 33% less likely to report mild or more severe depressive symptoms than female non-athletes (n=1157) (OR=0.666, 95% CI=0.447\u2009to 0.992, p=0.045).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis found no significant difference in depressive symptom prevalence between high-performance athletes and non-athletes. However, both female high-performance athletes and non-athletes report a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms than their male counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-111429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:20:24Z","timestamp":1783617624000},"page":"1158-1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: a comparative meta-analysis update"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Gorczynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharaisha Chanita","family":"Bilgoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-4177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Gouttebarge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8254-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary E","family":"Hitchcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athlete Health, UK Sports Institute, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Private Practice, Wylam, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081208050974000_60.15.1158.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715"},{"key":"2026081208050974000_60.15.1158.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100731"},{"key":"2026081208050974000_60.15.1158.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorczynski P . 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