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Metabolic\/bariatric surgery results in durable and significant weight loss and improvements in comorbid conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Observational studies show that metabolic\/bariatric surgery is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events, cancer, and death. Weight regain is a risk in a fraction of patients, and an association exists between metabolic\/bariatric surgery and an increased risk of developing substance and alcohol use disorders, suicidal ideation\/attempts, and accidental death. Patients need lifelong follow-up to help to reduce the risk of these complications and other nutritional deficiencies. Different surgical procedures have important differences in risks and benefits, and a clear need exists for more long term research about less invasive and emerging procedures. Recent guidelines for the treatment of obesity and metabolic conditions have been updated to reflect this growth in knowledge, with an expansion of eligibility criteria, particularly people with type 2 diabetes and a body mass index between 30.0 and 34.9.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T06:45:20Z","timestamp":1702881920000},"page":"e071027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Long term outcomes of metabolic\/bariatric surgery in adults"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"383","author":[{"given":"Anita P","family":"Courcoulas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R","family":"Daigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bariatric Surgery Program, Washington Permanente Medical Group, Bellevue, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Arterburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110101594893000_383.dec18_1.e071027.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3961"},{"key":"2025110101594893000_383.dec18_1.e071027.2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Contro. and Prevention. 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