{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1794029365204,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the association between use of menopausal hormone therapy and development of dementia according to type of hormone treatment, duration of use, and age at usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide, nested case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Denmark through national registries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5589 incident cases of dementia and 55\u2009890 age matched controls were identified between 2000 and 2018 from a population of all Danish women aged 50-60 years in 2000 with no history of dementia or contraindications for use of menopausal hormone therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for all cause dementia defined by a first time diagnosis or first time use of dementia specific medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with people who had never used treatment, people who had received oestrogen-progestin therapy had an increased rate of all cause dementia (hazard ratio 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.33)). Increasing durations of use yielded higher hazard ratios, ranging from 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35) for one year or less of use to 1.74 (1.45 to 2.10) for more than 12 years of use. Oestrogen-progestin therapy was positively associated with development of dementia for both continuous (1.31 (1.18 to 1.46)) and cyclic (1.24 (1.13 to 1.35)) regimens. Associations persisted in women who received treatment at the age 55 years or younger (1.24 (1.11 to 1.40)). Findings persisted when restricted to late onset dementia (1.21 (1.12 to 1.30)) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (1.22 (1.07 to 1.39)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Menopausal hormone therapy was positively associated with development of all cause dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, even in women who received treatment at the age of 55 years or younger. The increased rate of dementia was similar between continuous and cyclic treatment. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these findings represent an actual effect of menopausal hormone therapy on dementia risk, or whether they reflect an underlying predisposition in women in need of these treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T20:10:32Z","timestamp":1687983032000},"page":"e072770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Menopausal hormone therapy and dementia: nationwide, nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"381","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelsan","family":"Pourhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina S","family":"M\u00f8rch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, K\u00f8ge, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torp-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Meaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102100577000_381.jun28_13.e072770.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.07.006"},{"key":"2025110102100577000_381.jun28_13.e072770.2","unstructured":"Peel E Brooker D Erol R . 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