{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:49:58Z","timestamp":1793573398251,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the association between social media use and health risk behaviours in adolescents (defined as those 10-19 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EMBASE, Medline, APA PsycINFO, SocINDEX, CINAHL, SSRN, SocArXic, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and Google Scholar (1 January 1997 to 6 June 2022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health risk behaviours were defined as use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco, electronic nicotine delivery systems, unhealthy dietary behaviour, inadequate physical activity, gambling, and anti-social, sexual risk, and multiple risk behaviours. Included studies reported a social media variable (ie, time spent, frequency of use, exposure to health risk behaviour content, or other social media activities) and one or more relevant outcomes. Screening and risk of bias assessments were completed independently by two reviewers. Synthesis without meta-analysis based on effect direction and random-effects meta-analyses was used. Effect modification was explored using meta-regression and stratification. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 17\u2009077 studies screened, 126 were included (73 included in meta-analyses). The final sample included 1\u2009431\u2009534 adolescents (mean age 15.0 years). Synthesis without meta-analysis indicated harmful associations between social media and all health risk behaviours in most included studies, except inadequate physical activity where beneficial associations were reported in 63.6% of studies. Frequent (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      infrequent) social media use was associated with increased alcohol consumption (odds ratio 1.48 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 1.62); n=383\u2009068), drug use (1.28 (1.05 to 1.56); n=117\u2009646), tobacco use (1.85, 1.49 to 2.30; n=424\u2009326), sexual risk behaviours (1.77 (1.48 to 2.12); n=47\u2009280), anti-social behaviour (1.73 (1.44 to 2.06); n=54\u2009993), multiple risk behaviours (1.75 (1.30 to 2.35); n=43\u2009571), and gambling (2.84 (2.04 to 3.97); n=26\u2009537). Exposure to content showcasing health risk behaviours on social media (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      no exposure) was associated with increased odds of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (1.73 (1.34 to 2.23); n=721\u2009322), unhealthy dietary behaviours (2.48 (2.08 to 2.97); n=9892), and alcohol consumption (2.43 (1.25 to 4.71); n=14\u2009731). For alcohol consumption, stronger associations were identified for exposure to user generated content (3.21 (2.37 to 4.33)) versus marketer generated content (2.12 (1.06 to 4.24)). For time spent on social media, use for at least 2 h per day (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;2 h) increased odds of alcohol consumption (2.12 (1.53 to 2.95); n=12\u2009390). GRADE certainty was moderate for unhealthy dietary behaviour, low for alcohol use, and very low for other investigated outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social media use is associated with adverse health risk behaviours in young people, but further high quality research is needed to establish causality, understand effects on health inequalities, and determine which aspects of social media are most harmful.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO, CRD42020179766.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T20:00:20Z","timestamp":1701288020000},"page":"e073552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Social media use and health risk behaviours in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"383","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amrit Kaur","family":"Purba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Medical Research Council\/Chief Scientist Office, Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Henery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Vittal","family":"Katikireddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.1","unstructured":"Kemp S. Facebook statistics and trends. DataReportal. 2022. https:\/\/datareportal.com\/essential-facebook-stats [accessed 29 August 2022]"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.2","unstructured":"Kemp S. Instagram statistics and trends. DataReportal. 2022. https:\/\/datareportal.com\/essential-instagram-stats [accessed 29 August 2022]"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.10.106"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1249"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0134"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107144"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: more active people for a healthier world. Geneva: WHO; 2018. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/272722\/9789241514187-eng.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-138"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12966-021-01138-3"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.10","unstructured":"Anderson M Jiang J . Teens, social media and technology 2018. Pew Research Center, 2018. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2018\/05\/31\/teens-social-media-technology-2018\/."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.11","unstructured":"Internet Matters. From survive to thrive: supporting digital family life after lockdown. UK: Internet Matters; 2021. https:\/\/www.internetmatters.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Internet-Matters-From-Survive-to-Thrive-Report.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v36.1.09","article-title":"Influence of social media on alcohol use in adolescents and young adults","volume":"36","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2019.02637"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt174"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-4057"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114172"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.17","first-page":"9","article-title":"What are adolescents showing the world about their health risk behaviors on MySpace?","volume":"9","author":"Moreno","year":"2007","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207617710802"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0199-6"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023191"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.04.015"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024226"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.001"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10496491.2012.696458"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60072-5"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.01.009"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00648-6"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.303"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.30","unstructured":"UK Cabinet Office. Risk behaviours and negative outcomes. Trends in risk behaviours and negative outcomes amongst children and young people. UK: UK Cabinet Office; 2014. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/452169\/data_pack_risk_behaviours_and_negative_outcomes.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-021-00412-3"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ACER.13642"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.001"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00127-019-01825-4"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDBEH.2020.106331"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31436\/IMJM.V20I1.1766"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.007"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.38","unstructured":"Livingstone S Nandi A Banaji S Stoilova M . Young adolescents and digital media: Uses, risks and opportunities in low- and middle-income countries: A rapid evidence review. Gender and Adolescence Global Evidence, 2017."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195137408.003.0002"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1590851"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.12.005"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADOLESCENCE.2020.01.014"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purba AK, Henery PH, Thomson RM, Pearce A, Henderson M KS. Does social media influence adolescent engagement in health risk behaviours? A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020179766.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02636-2"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purba AK Henery PM Thomson RM Pearce A Henderson M Katikireddi SV . Does social media influence adolescent engagement in health risk behaviours? A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020. https:\/\/www.gla.ac.uk\/media\/Media_718614_smxx.pdf","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02636-2"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.47","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S . Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins J Thomas J Chandler J , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.48","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adolescent health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/adolescent-health [accessed 8 January 2022]."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30022-1"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2008.528"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan L Quan-Haase A . The SAGE handbook of social media research methods. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2017.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473983847"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.52","unstructured":"Parke J Wardle J Rigbye J Parke A . Exploring social gambling: scoping, classification and evidence review. Gambling Comission, 2012, https:\/\/eprints.lincoln.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/16412\/1\/Social%20Gambling.pdf."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PROCS.2016.04.011"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DAR.13010"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.55","unstructured":"Bumble. Signing up & getting started. USA: Bumble; 2021. https:\/\/bumble.com\/en\/help\/how-old-do-i-need-to-be-to-use-bumble"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.56","unstructured":"Tinder. Tinder overview. USA: Tinder; 2021. https:\/\/www.help.tinder.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/4403779020941-What-happens-if-I-ve-been-age-restricted-on-Tinder"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.57","unstructured":"Grindr. Grindr terms and conditions of service. USA: Grindr; 2020. https:\/\/www.grindr.com\/terms-of-service\/ [accessed 4 August 2021]"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009927.pub2"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.60","unstructured":"Mendeley Ltd . Mendeley Desktop (Version 1.19.4). Mendeley, 2019."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.61","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation . Covidence Systematic Review Software. Veritas Health Innovation, 2020."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.62","unstructured":"Wells G Shea B O\u2019Connell D Peterson J . The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 2000, https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.63","unstructured":"The Cochrane Collaboration . Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). London, UK: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2021. https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/bias\/resources\/rob-2-revised-cochrane-risk-bias-tool-randomized-trials"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1458"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.66","unstructured":"McKenzie JE Brennan SE . Synthezing and presenting findings using other methods. In: Higgins J Thomas J Chandler J , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2. Cochrane, 2021."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.67","unstructured":"RStudio Team . RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio. PBC, 2020."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.69","unstructured":"Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altman DG . Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJWV , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.70","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann H Oxman A Vist G . Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins G Green S , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.1.0. Cochrane, 2011."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.71","unstructured":"Wilson DB. Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator. https:\/\/campbellcollaboration.org\/research-resources\/effect-size-calculator.html. [accessed 04 March 2020]."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.72","unstructured":"Higgins JPT Li T Deeks JJ . Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect. In: Higgins J Thomas J Chandler J , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.73","unstructured":"The World Bank. World bank country and lending groups country classification. USA: The World Bank; 2021. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.12.007"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.75","unstructured":"StataCorp . Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. StataCorp LLC, 2019."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060410"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.78","unstructured":"McMaster University. Developed by Evidence Prime, Inc. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. US: Evidence Prime; 2020. https:\/\/www.gradepro.org."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a117"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.81","unstructured":"Higgins J Green S . Multiplicity in systematic reviews. In: Higgins J Green S , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.1.0. Cochrane, 2011."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APPET.2021.105182"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072243"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJMEDINF.2018.10.001"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413018"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.86","unstructured":"House of Lords House of Commons Joint Committee on the Draft Online Safety Bill. Draft Online Safety Bill Report of Session 2021-22. UK: House of Lords House of Commons; 2021. https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/committee\/534\/draft-online-safety-bill-joint-committee\/"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.87","unstructured":"Senate of the United States. To support research about the impact of digital communication platforms on society by providing privacy-protected, secure pathways for independent research on data held by large internet companies. 117th Congress USA: Senate of the United States; 2021. https:\/\/www.coons.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/text_pata_117.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/JSAD.2021.82.18"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.89","unstructured":"Department for Digital. Culture, media and sport. Draft online safety bill 2021. London, UK: HM Government; 2021. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/985033\/Draft_Online_Safety_Bill_Bookmarked.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.90","unstructured":"Michaelsen F Collini L Jacob C . The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the single market. Think Tank European Parliament, 2022, https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/IPOL_STU(2022)703350."},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.91","unstructured":"Jones D, Labour MP, West BN, Kendall L, Labour MP, West L. House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. Impact of social media and screen-use on young people\u2019s health. London: House of Commons; 2019. https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm201719\/cmselect\/cmsctech\/822\/822.pdf"},{"key":"2025110102135580000_383.nov29_5.e073552.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/JSAD.2017.78.124"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:14:08Z","timestamp":1761988448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-073552","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]}}}