{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:37:11Z","timestamp":1788892631515,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the effects of providing access to an alcohol intervention based on a smartphone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised controlled trial..<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four higher education institutions in Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1770 students (\u226518 years) who screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use (ie, a score on the alcohol use disorders identification test-consumption (AUDIT-C) of \u22654 for men and \u22653 for women) were randomly assigned by 1:1 allocation ratio in blocks of 10.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providing access to a brief, smartphone based alcohol intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome studied was number of standard drinks per week at six months and the secondary outcome was number of heavy drinking days (past 30 days). Additional outcomes were maximum number of drinks consumed on one occasion, alcohol related consequences, and academic performance. Follow-up assessments occurred at months three, six, and 12. Data were analysed by intention to treat and by using generalised linear mixed models with random intercepts for the recruitment site and participants nested within the recruitment site, and with intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      control), time (three months\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      six months; 12 months\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      six months), and baseline outcome values as fixed effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 26 April 26 2021 and 30 May 2022, 1770 participants (intervention group (n=884); control group (n=886)) were included. Mean age was 22.4 years (standard deviation 3.07); 958 (54.1%) were women; and 1169 (66.0%) were undergraduate students, 533 (30.1%) were studying for a master\u2019s degree, 43 (2.4%) were studying for a doctorate, and 25 (1.4%) were students of other higher education programme. The baseline mean number of standard drinks per week was 8.59 (standard deviation 8.18); the baseline number of heavy drinking days was 3.53 (4.02). Of 1770 participants, follow-up rates were 1706 (96.4%) at three months, 1697 (95.9%) at six months, and 1660 (93.8%) at 12 months. Of 884 students randomly assigned to the intervention group, 738 (83.5%) downloaded the smartphone application. The intervention had a significant overall effect on the number of standard drinks per week (incidence rate ratio 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 0.96)), heavy drinking days (0.89 (0.83 to 0.96)), and the maximum number of drinks consumed on one occasion (0.96 (0.93 to 1.00), P=0.029), indicating significantly lower drinking outcomes in the intervention group than in the control group during the follow-up period. The intervention did not affect alcohol related consequences or academic performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providing access to the smartphone application throughout the 12 month follow-up was effective at limiting the average drinking volume of university students who had self-reported unhealthy alcohol use at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN 10007691.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T20:10:56Z","timestamp":1692216656000},"page":"e073713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of a smartphone intervention as a secondary prevention for use among university students with unhealthy alcohol use: randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bertholet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Schmutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Service of Adult Psychiatry North-West, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9line","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Gmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0668-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Bernard","family":"Daeppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102143523000_382.aug16_8.e073713.1","unstructured":"Marmet S Gmel G Gmel G Frick H Rehm J . 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