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This review summarizes research into the new and emerging targets of MDD. These include drugs such as psychedelics, antibiotics, opioid modulators, neuropeptides, and onabotulinumtoxin. Neuromodulatory treatments such as light based therapies and neuromodulation involving either magnetic or electrical stimulation are also discussed. Almost all interventions, pharmacological and neuromodulation, were trialed as adjunctive treatments to an antidepressant. Most research has been conducted on psychedelics, with trials suggesting rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects. Trial findings, tolerability, study design limitations and quality of research have been considered throughout this review. There remains challenges in forming recommendations with the current research at present. With there being considerable interest into the research of new and emerging treatments\u2014in particular, psychedelics\u2014there may be scope in the future to form more robust recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T06:35:30Z","timestamp":1720420530000},"page":"e073823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["New and emerging treatments for major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"386","author":[{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Njenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parashar Pravin","family":"Ramanuj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederico Jose Coelho","family":"de Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold Alan","family":"Pincus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102150644000_386.jul08_2.e073823.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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