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Covid-19 is now in the differential diagnosis of a number of common neurological syndromes including encephalopathy, encephalitis, acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, stroke, and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Physicians should be aware of the pathophysiology underlying these presentations to diagnose and treat patients rapidly and appropriately. Although good evidence has been found for neurovirulence, the neuroinvasive and neurotropic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is limited. The pathophysiology of most complications is immune mediated and vascular, or both. A significant proportion of patients have developed long covid, which can include neuropsychiatric presentations. The mechanisms of long covid remain unclear. The longer term consequences of infection with covid-19 on the brain, particularly in terms of neurodegeneration, will only become apparent with time and long term follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-073923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T11:35:15Z","timestamp":1692358515000},"page":"e073923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of neuroinflammation in covid-19"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"382","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9685-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P","family":"Lunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tehmina","family":"Bharucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4284-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"Hoskote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Manji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102153734000_382.aug18_6.e073923.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"2025110102153734000_382.aug18_6.e073923.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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