{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:39:16Z","timestamp":1791671956488,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epilepsy is a group of neurological diseases characterized by susceptibility to recurrent seizures. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) are the mainstay of treatment, but many antiseizure medications with variable safety profiles have been approved for use. For women with epilepsy in their childbearing years, the safety profile is important for them and their unborn children, because treatment is often required to protect them from seizures during pregnancy and lactation. Since no large randomized controlled trials have investigated safety in this subgroup of people with epilepsy, pregnancy registries, cohort and case-control studies from population registries, and a few large prospective cohort studies have played an important role. Valproate, in monotherapy and polytherapy, has been associated with elevated risk of major congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers who took it. Topiramate and phenobarbital are also associated with elevated risks of congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders, though the risks are lower than those of valproate. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are relatively safe. Insufficient data exist to reach strong conclusions about the newest antiseizure medications such as eslicarbazepine, perampanel, brivaracetam, cannabidiol, and cenobamate. Besides antiseizure medications, other treatments such as vagal nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and deep brain stimulation are likely safe. In general, breastfeeding does not appear to add any additional long term risks to the child. Creative ways of optimizing registry enrollment and data collection are needed to enhance patient safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T06:40:12Z","timestamp":1694155212000},"page":"e074630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Management of epilepsy during pregnancy and lactation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"382","author":[{"given":"Omotola A","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Methodist Sugarland Neurology Associates, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine MJ","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Epilepsy Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:459-80.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16882"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadoth N, Millo Y, Taube E, Bechar M. Epilepsy among parents of children with cleft lip and palate. Brain Dev 1987; 9:296-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(87)80048-7"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162315"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.24.11.692"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04320.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.2.331"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1988.tb03746.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.51.2.293"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12268"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.11","first-page":"72063","article-title":"Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Final rule","volume":"79","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.12","unstructured":"WHO. Epilepsy. Geneva: World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/epilepsy."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6631a1"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savic I. Sex differences in human epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2014;25:408-30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.04.009"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000713"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12004"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5487"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02506.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.08.007"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000277451.06420.b6"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.19.0253"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16312"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0646"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v85i7.9646"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01186.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viinikainen K, Heinonen S, Eriksson K, K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen R. Community-based, prospective, controlled study of obstetric and neonatal outcome of 179 pregnancies in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:186-92.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00386.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1788-4791"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allotey J, Aroyo-Manzano D, Lopez P, Viale L, Zamora J, Thangaratinam S. Global variation in pregnancy complications in women with epilepsy: A meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017;215:12-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.05.016"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12758"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7239-x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viale L, Allotey J, Cheong-See F, et al. Epilepsy in pregnancy and reproductive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2015;386:1845-52.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00045-8"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26315"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4404-y"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.05.011"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1.4 Congenital anomalies\u2014definitions. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/surveillancemanual\/chapters\/chapter-1\/chapter1-4.html."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update on overall prevalence of major birth defects-Atlanta, Georgia, 1978-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:1-5."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288902800205"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320310214"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060030113019"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907328"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306318"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182574f39"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13632"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70107-7"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a43e81"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010224.pub2"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:530-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30107-8"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas SV, Jeemon P, Pillai R, et al. Malformation risk of new anti-epileptic drugs in women with epilepsy; observational data from the Kerala registry of epilepsy and pregnancy (KREP). Seizure 2021;93:127-32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.10.015"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajda FJE, Graham JE, Hitchcock AA, Lander CM, O'Brien TJ, Eadie MJ. Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure 2019;65:6-11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.12.006"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000154516.43630.C5"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:193-8.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.074203"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajda FJ, O'Brien TJ, Hitchcock A, et al. Critical relationship between sodium valproate dose and human teratogenicity: results of the Australian register of anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11:854-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.05.003"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajda FJ, Eadie MJ. Maternal valproate dosage and foetal malformations. Acta Neurol Scand 2005;112:137-43.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00458.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.55","unstructured":"The North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. Latest Study Data. https:\/\/www.aedpregnancyregistry.org\/latest-data\/"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.133"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008687"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163771.96962.1F"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005031"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vajda FJE, Graham JE, Hitchcock AA, Lander CM, O'Brien TJ, Eadie MJ. Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure 2019;65:6-11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.12.006"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of antiepileptic drugs polytherapy on pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: An observation study in northwest China. Epilepsy Behav 2022;135:108904.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108904"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13437"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03334.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May TW, Pf\u00e4fflin M, Coban I, et al. Fears, knowledge, and need of counseling for women with epilepsy. Results of an outpatient study. Nervenarzt 2009;80:174-83. (In German.)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-008-2632-x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.15"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.029132"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000339399.64213.1a"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803531"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, et al. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study;12:244-52. Lancet Neurol 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70323-X"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1583"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1269"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034829"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bromley RL, Calderbank R, Cheyne CP, et al. Cognition in school-age children exposed to levetiracetam, topiramate, or sodium valproate. Neurology 2016;87:1943-53.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003157"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114760"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6275.1509"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004905.pub5"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds EH. Antiepileptic drugs, folate and one carbon metabolism revisited. Epilepsy Behav 2020;112:107336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107336"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000044157.28073.DC"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjaer D, Horvath-Puh\u00f3 E, Christensen J, et al. Antiepileptic drug use, folic acid supplementation, and congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control study. BJOG 2008;115:98-103.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01552.x"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betts T, Fox C. Proactive pre-conception counselling for women with epilepsy-is it effective? Seizure 1999;8:322-7.","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0325"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3897"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008757"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0029-1"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200669"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asadi-Pooya AA. High dose folic acid supplementation in women with epilepsy: are we sure it is safe? Seizure 2015;27:51-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.02.030"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy025"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2977"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03260320034020"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traggis DG, Maunz DL, Baroudy R. Splenic hemorrhage in a neonate of a mother on anticonvulsant therapy. J Pediatr Surg 1984.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(84)80114-1"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199549030-00005"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.149"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.549"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.93","unstructured":"American Academy of Neurology. Update: Management Issues for Women with Epilepsy\u2014Focus on Pregnancy: Vitamin K, Folic Acid, Blood Levels, and Breastfeeding. 2009. https:\/\/www.aan.com\/Guidelines\/Home\/GuidelineDetail\/335."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544100-00001"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1979.7.1.3"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reisinger TL, Newman M, Loring DW, Pennell PB, Meador KJ. Antiepileptic drug clearance and seizure frequency during pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2013;29:13-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.06.026"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201348"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000289511.20864.2a"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006240"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5487"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22440"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ffe4a9"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.118"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4443"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.4290"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Faraj AO, Pang TD. Breastfeeding recommendations for women taking anti-seizure medications. Epilepsy Behav 2022;136:108769.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108769"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2022.1492"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200023010-00003"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabers A, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes associated with vagus nerve stimulation during pregnancy. Epilepsy Res 2017;137:159-62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.013"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jazebi N, Moghimi N, Lall R, Osadebey E, Ortega-Barnett J, Masel T. Successful implantation and immediate activation of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) during pregnancy in a patient with intractable epilepsy: A case illustration and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2017;42:114-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.03.044"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Eliashiv D, LaHue SC, et al. Pregnancy outcomes of refractory epilepsy patients treated with Brain-responsive neurostimulation. Epilepsy Res 2021;169:106532.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106532"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1304"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00191"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01020-8"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12420"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a6b312"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.117","unstructured":"American Academy of Neurology. Update: Management Issues for Women with Epilepsy\u2014Focus on Pregnancy: Teratogenesis and Perinatal Outcomes. 2022. https:\/\/www.aan.com\/Guidelines\/Home\/GuidelineDetail\/334"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.118","unstructured":"American Academy of Neurology. Update: Management Issues for Women with Epilepsy\u2014Focus on Pregnancy: Obstatrical Complications and Change in Seizure Frequency. 2022. https:\/\/www.aan.com\/Guidelines\/home\/GuidelineDetail\/333."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.119","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. London, NICE: 2022. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng217."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.120","unstructured":"Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Yellow Card. https:\/\/yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk\/"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.121","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Epilepsy in Pregnancy (Green-top Guideline No. 68). 2016. https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/media\/rzldnacf\/gtg68_epilepsy.pdf."},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell AJ, Macpherson H, Cairnie V, Brodie MJ. The care of pregnant women with epilepsy--a survey of obstetricians in Scotland. Seizure 1996;5:271-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(96)80020-3"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-107"},{"key":"2025110102182551000_382.sep08_4.e074630.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-89"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:18:38Z","timestamp":1761988718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-074630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]}}}