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Calibrated PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>predictions were linked to each participant\u2019s residential zip code as proxy exposure measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk of the first hospital admission during follow-up for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, or a composite of these CVD subtypes. A causal framework robust against confounding bias and bias arising from errors in exposure measurements was developed for exposure-response estimations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three year average PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>exposure was associated with increased relative risks of first hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. For composite CVD, the exposure-response curve showed monotonically increased risk associated with PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>: compared with exposures \u22645 \u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>(the World Health Organization air quality guideline), the relative risk at exposures between 9 and 10 \u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, which encompassed the US national average of 9.7 \u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>during the study period, was 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.28 to 1.30). On an absolute scale, the risk of hospital admission for composite CVD increased from 2.59% with exposures \u22645 \u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>to 3.35% at exposures between 9 and 10 \u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The effects persisted for at least three years after exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. Age, education, accessibility to healthcare, and neighborhood deprivation level appeared to modify susceptibility to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that no safe threshold exists for the chronic effect of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>on overall cardiovascular health. Substantial benefits could be attained through adherence to the WHO air quality guideline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T17:19:11Z","timestamp":1709227151000},"page":"e076939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Exposure-response associations between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and risks of hospital admission for major cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6796-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaguang","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Danesh Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Shtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinye","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adjani A","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156855"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz114"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016890"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01450-9"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.08.061"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-58"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108587"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007170"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408771"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307711"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0561"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0460-2"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10389"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2011009"},{"key":"2024022909122339000_384.feb21_6.e076939.18","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. 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