{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T20:22:54Z","timestamp":1794082974020,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the effect of labour epidural on severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and to explore whether this effect might be greater in women with a medical indication for epidural analgesia during labour, or with preterm labour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All NHS hospitals in Scotland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>567\u2009216 women in labour at 24+0 to 42+6 weeks\u2019 gestation between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2019, delivering vaginally or through unplanned caesarean section.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was SMM, defined as the presence of \u22651 of 21 conditions used by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as criteria for SMM, or a critical care admission, with either occurring at any point from date of delivery to 42 days post partum (described as SMM). Secondary outcomes included a composite of \u22651 of the 21 CDC conditions and critical care admission (SMM plus critical care admission), and respiratory morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 567\u2009216 women, 125\u2009024 (22.0%) had epidural analgesia during labour. SMM occurred in 2412 women (4.3 per 1000 births, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.1 to 4.4). Epidural analgesia was associated with a reduction in SMM (adjusted relative risk 0.65, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.85), SMM plus critical care admission (0.46, 0.29 to 0.73), and respiratory morbidity (0.42, 0.16 to 1.15), although the last of these was underpowered and had wide confidence intervals. Greater risk reductions in SMM were detected among women with a medical indication for epidural analgesia (0.50, 0.34 to 0.72) compared with those with no such indication (0.67, 0.43 to 1.03; P&lt;0.001 for difference). More marked reductions in SMM were seen in women delivering preterm (0.53, 0.37 to 0.76) compared with those delivering at term or post term (1.09, 0.98 to 1.21; P&lt;0.001 for difference). The observed reduced risk of SMM with epidural analgesia was increasingly noticeable as gestational age at birth decreased in the whole cohort, and in women with a medical indication for epidural analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidural analgesia during labour was associated with a 35% reduction in SMM, and showed a more pronounced effect in women with medical indications for epidural analgesia and with preterm births. Expanding access to epidural analgesia for all women during labour, and particularly for those at greatest risk, could improve maternal health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T20:05:38Z","timestamp":1716408338000},"page":"e077190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Epidural analgesia during labour and severe maternal morbidity: population based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"385","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel J","family":"Kearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhan","family":"Kyzayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy O E","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102333348000_385.may22_6.e077190.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0527-2"},{"key":"2025110102333348000_385.may22_6.e077190.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15948"},{"key":"2025110102333348000_385.may22_6.e077190.3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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