{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:39:36Z","timestamp":1790879976741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the impact of retracted trials on the production and use of healthcare evidence in the evidence ecosystem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study based on forward citation searching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retraction Watch up to 5 November 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised controlled trials in humans that were retracted for any reason.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forward citation searching via Google Scholar and Scopus was used to identify evidence synthesis research (21 November 2024) that quantitatively incorporated retracted trials. Data were independently extracted by two groups of researchers. The results of meta-analyses were updated after exclusion of the retracted trials. The proportions of meta-analyses that changed direction of the pooled effect and\/or the significance of the P value were estimated. A generalised linear mixed model was used to investigate the association between the number of included studies and the impact, measured by odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI). The impact of distorted evidence on clinical practice guidelines was also investigated on the basis of citation searching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The searches identified 1330 retracted trials and 847 systematic reviews that quantitatively synthesised retracted trials, with a total of 3902 meta-analyses that could be replicated. After the potential clustering effects were accounted for, the exclusion of the retracted trials led to a change in the direction of the pooled effect in 8.4% (95% CI 6.8% to 10.1%), in its statistical significance in 16.0% (14.2% to 17.9%), and in both direction and significance in 3.9% (2.5% to 5.2%) and a &gt;50% change in the magnitude of the effect in 15.7% (13.5% to 17.9%). An obvious non-linear association existed between the number of included studies and the impact on the results, with a lower number of studies having higher impact (eg, for 10 studies versus \u226520 studies, change of direction: odds ratio 2.63, 95% CI 1.29 to 5.38; P&lt;0.001). Evidence from 68 systematic reviews with conclusions distorted by retracted trials was used in 157 guideline documents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retracted trials have a substantial impact on the evidence ecosystem, including evidence synthesis, clinical practice guidelines, and evidence based clinical practice. Evidence generators, synthesisers, and users must pay attention to this problem, and feasible approaches that assist with easier identification and correction of such potential contamination are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Open Science Framework (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/7eazq\/\">https:\/\/osf.io\/7eazq\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1745466991000},"page":"e082068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Investigating the impact of trial retractions on the healthcare evidence ecosystem (VITALITY Study I): retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"389","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Furuya-Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Golder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Vohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glasziou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhail A","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.02.008"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.5616"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006223422507"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7126.201"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.5","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024). 2024. www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2016-110401"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5289-3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18263"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2022.2082290","article-title":"A randomized trial alerting authors, with or without coauthors or editors, that research they cited in systematic reviews and guidelines has been retracted","volume":"31","author":"Avenell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Account Res"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1947810"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.11","unstructured":"Xu C . Impact of retracted RCTs for Evidence Synthesis. 2025. https:\/\/osf.io\/7eazq\/ ."},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2021.1223","article-title":"Development of an efficient search filter to retrieve systematic reviews from PubMed","volume":"109","author":"Salvador-Oliv\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200303"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.06.015"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9751"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-069155"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000001232"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02238-7","article-title":"Disaggregating level-specific effects in cross-classified multilevel models","volume":"56","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1521"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/xeb.0000000000000132"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.08.019"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ceog4901027"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-04288-3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1008-5"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2019.1706079"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12393"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004734.pub4"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6812"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007470.pub3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890102"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5209108"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.33","article-title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community","author":"Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.019"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112503"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248132"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009526.pub2"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010287.pub3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.644341"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.037"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000011"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003557.pub5"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000027"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012534.pub2"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.45","article-title":"Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"2006","author":"Carlisle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.12.018"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.188434"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.48","article-title":"Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation in adult men","volume":"3","author":"Sathianathen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19880"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.05.035"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2019.07.20"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.52","article-title":"Compression bandages or stockings versus no compression for treating venous leg ulcers","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005355.pub5"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000333.pub2"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.55","article-title":"Mechanical methods for induction of labour","volume":"10","author":"de Vaan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.234"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003511.pub5"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.58","article-title":"Acupuncture for insomnia","author":"Cheuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01144-4"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012024.pub2"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013505"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm026"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-013-1574-2"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008873.pub4"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00712-x"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82318-w"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.67","article-title":"Antioxidants for female subfertility","volume":"8","author":"Showell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2023.102606"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1197196"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1225111"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.04.040"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14754"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58888\/2957-3912-2023-03-02"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002662"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817733735"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007373.pub3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.77","article-title":"Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine-device use","volume":"8","author":"Christelle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000963.pub3"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.79","article-title":"Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Pels","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9493-9"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.81","article-title":"Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults","volume":"9","author":"Fairhall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.82","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Effect of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Clinical Pregnancy Outcomes of Recurrent Miscarriage and Recurrent Implantation Failure Cases: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1370114"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152829"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12673"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2013.05.018"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.430"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.88","article-title":"Platelet-rich-plasmapheresis for minimising peri-operative allogeneic blood transfusion","author":"Carless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893310"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002249.pub5"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.91","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience: Nutritional interventions update: Multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy. World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0146"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.93","article-title":"Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting","volume":"2006","author":"Carlisle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000002"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12393"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.05.023"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000011"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031909"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/publications2010027"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059202"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002127"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003719"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.05.013"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819618797965"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001122.pub5"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2022-111921"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072929"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1920409"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03959-6"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.12037"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-023-00130-8"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084164"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k400"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-28"},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.116","unstructured":"Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S . Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J , eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.4 (updated October 2023). Cochrane, 2023."},{"key":"2025042308100680000_389.apr23_3.e082068.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01640-8"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:56:50Z","timestamp":1745467010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-082068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]}}}