{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:53:49Z","timestamp":1793138029094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the incidence and prevalence of dementia in a nationally representative cohort of US Medicare beneficiaries, stratified by important subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide study between 2015 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 or older with at least one year of continuous enrollment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incidence and prevalence of dementia, calculated as percentage per person years or percentage of beneficiaries respectively. These metrics were also calculated in key subgroups defined by age, sex, race\/ethnicity, and neighborhood socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 5\u2009025\u2009039 incident cases of dementia were documented from 2015 to 2021. The overall age and sex standardized incidence decreased between 2015 and 2021 from 3.5% to 2.8%. Prevalence increased during this time from 10.5% to 11.8%. Male beneficiaries had a higher age standardized incidence than did female beneficiaries in 2015 (3.5%\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      3.4%), a difference that widened by 2021 (2.9%\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.6%; estimated difference-in-difference 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94 to 0.95; P&lt;0.001). Incidence was highest in 2015 for black beneficiaries (4.2%), followed by Hispanic beneficiaries (3.7%) and white beneficiaries (3.4%), and in 2021 for black beneficiaries (3.1%) followed by white beneficiaries (2.8%) and Hispanic beneficiaries (2.6%); the difference between white and black beneficiaries narrowed from 2015 to 2021 (difference-in-difference 0.92, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.93; P&lt;0.001) as did the difference between white and Hispanic beneficiaries (difference-in-difference 0.88, 0.87 to 0.89; P&lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of dementia decreased from 2015 to 2021, but the prevalence increased. Disparities in these measures by race\/ethnicity, sex, and neighborhood socioeconomic status should motivate future measures to promote health equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-083034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T08:35:12Z","timestamp":1747730112000},"page":"e083034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Incidence and prevalence of dementia among US Medicare beneficiaries, 2015-21: population based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"389","author":[{"given":"Beau","family":"Blass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie B","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Soneji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Zepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita D\u2019Aguiar","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brystana G","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Mantri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistical Science, Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Mac Grory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. USA"},{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim G","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Duke-UNC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Chapel Hill\/Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Duke-UNC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Chapel Hill\/Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley G","family":"Hammill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay B","family":"Lusk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Duke-UNC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, Chapel Hill\/Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12200"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.09.009"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12976"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12702"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211029716"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212205119"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6807"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504327"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly236"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000010022"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12764"},{"key":"2025110102571305000_389.may20_2.e083034.13","unstructured":"Lepore M, Shuman SB, Wiener JM, Gould E. 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