{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T11:56:50Z","timestamp":1794657410726,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise the use of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test in primary care in England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population based open cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10\u2009235\u2009805 male patients older than 18 years and registered at 1442 general practices that contributed to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 2000 and 2018. Data were linked to the National Cancer Registry, Hospital Episode Statistics, and Office for National Statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population based temporal trends and annual percentage changes were analysed using age standardised PSA testing rates. Mixed effects negative binomial regression models investigated individual patient rate ratios of PSA testing. Linear mixed effects models examined factors associated with an individual patient\u2019s length of PSA retesting intervals. All results were analysed by region, deprivation, age, ethnicity, family history of prostate cancer, symptom presentation, and PSA value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1\u2009521\u2009116 patients had at least one PSA test, resulting in 3\u2009835\u2009440 PSA tests overall. 48.4% (735\u2009750) of these patients had multiple tests and 72.8% (535\u2009990) of them never presented with a PSA value above the age specific referral threshold. The median retesting interval overall was 12.6 months (interquartile range 6.2-27.5). Testing rates varied by region, deprivation, ethnicity, family history, age, PSA value, and symptoms. Once tested, patients had shorter retesting intervals if they were older, were of an ethnicity other than white, had a family history of prostate cancer, or had previously raised PSA levels. Despite considerable variation in testing rates by region and deprivation, the length of retesting intervals was similar across these groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PSA testing before a diagnosis of prostate cancer in primary care in England varied. Among patients who underwent multiple tests, many were tested more frequently than recommended, raising concerns about overtesting. PSA retesting is occurring in patients without recorded symptoms and in those with low PSA values. To ensure maximum benefit to patients while reducing the risk of overtesting, research is urgently needed to determine appropriate evidence based PSA retesting intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-083800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:05:12Z","timestamp":1759968312000},"page":"e083800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prostate specific antigen retesting intervals and trends in England: population based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"391","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3736-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiana K","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason L","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep S","family":"Virdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100821001002000_391.oct08_11.e083800.1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. 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