{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T01:37:35Z","timestamp":1794533855866,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association between intake of food additive preservatives and cancer incidence in a large prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>French NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort, 2009-23.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>105\u2009260 participants (\u226515 years) without prevalent cancer who completed at least two 24 hour dietary records at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative time dependent intake of preservatives, including those in industrial food brands, assessed using repeated 24 hour dietary records and evaluated through multiple composition databases and ad hoc laboratory assays in food products for the most frequently consumed additive-food pairs. Associations between intake of three categories of preservatives (defined as sex specific thirds if preservative was consumed by at least a third of participants, otherwise defined as non-consumers and lower or higher consumers separated by the sex specific median) and cancer incidence were characterised using multivariable proportional hazards Cox models adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean age of participants was 42.0 years (standard deviation (SD 14.5) years), and 78.7% were women. 4226 participants received a diagnosis of incident cancer (mean follow-up 7.57 (SD 4.56) years), comprising 1208 breast, 508 prostate, 352 colorectal, and 2158 other cancers). Higher intakes of several preservatives were associated with higher cancer incidence: total non-antioxidants with overall cancer (hazard ratio for higher\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      non-consumers or lower consumers 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 1.26); absolute risk of cancer at age 60 years, respectively, 13.3%, 12.1%) and breast cancer (1.22 (1.05 to 1.41); 5.7%, 4.8%); total sorbates, specifically potassium sorbate, with overall cancer (1.14 (1.04 to 1.24); 13.4%, 11.8%) and breast cancer (1.26 (1.07 to 1.49); 5.7%, 4.6%); total sulfites with overall cancer (1.12 (1.02 to 1.24); 13.4%, 11.9%); potassium metabisulfite with overall cancer (1.11 (1.03 to 1.20); 13.5%, 12.0%) and breast cancer (1.20 (1.04 to 1.38); 5.7%, 4.9%); sodium nitrite with prostate cancer (1.32 (1.02 to 1.70); 4.2%, 3.4%); potassium nitrate with overall cancer (1.13 (1.05 to 1.23); 14.0%, 12.0%) and breast cancer (1.22 (1.05 to 1.41); 5.9%, 4.8%); total acetates with overall cancer (1.15 (1.06 to 1.25); 14.3%, 12.2%) and breast cancer (1.25 (1.07 to 1.45); 6.1%, 4.9%); acetic acid with overall cancer (1.12 (1.01 to 1.25); 14.4%, 12.4%); and sodium erythorbate with overall cancer (1.12 (1.04 to 1.22); 13.5%, 11.9%) and breast cancer (1.21 (1.04 to 1.41); 5.7%, 4.8%). 11 of the 17 individually studied preservatives were not associated with cancer incidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple positive associations between intake of preservatives widely used in industrial foods and higher cancer incidence (overall, breast, and prostate) were observed in this large prospective cohort. Epidemiology based on health effect biomarkers and experimental research are needed to gain insight into outcome pathways. If confirmed, these new data call for the re-evaluation of regulations governing the food industry\u2019s use of these additives, to improve consumer protection. In the meantime, the findings support recommendations for consumers to favour freshly made, minimally processed foods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03335644\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\">NCT03335644<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:00:15Z","timestamp":1767834015000},"page":"e084917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Intake of food additive preservatives and incidence of cancer: results from the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 prospective cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"392","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03335644","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3256-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Hasenb\u00f6hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9005-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Javaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9449-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Payen de la Garanderie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien Szabo","family":"de Edelenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9108-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Yvroud-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6159-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Aga\u00ebsse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"De Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6106-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Audebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Coumoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"INSERM T3S, UMR-S 1124, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Julia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Public Health Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Kesse-Guyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"All\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Deschamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Surveillance Team (ESEN), Sant\u00e9 publique France, The French Public Health Agency, Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Hercberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"Public Health Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Chassaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1306, CNRS UMR6047, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Srour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3359-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Deschasaux-Tanguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Touvier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Nutrition And Cancer Research Network (NACRe network), Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.1","unstructured":"Open Food Facts. [cited 19 Jan 2024]. https:\/\/world.openfoodfacts.org\/discover"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.2","unstructured":"European Parliament. Council. Regulation (EC) No 1333\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives. Regulation (EC) No 1333\/2008. 16 Dec 2008. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX%3A32008R1333"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.3","unstructured":"Food additives. EFSA. 2024 [cited 22 Mar 2024]. https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/food-additives"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.115198"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.04.119"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.6","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. 1. (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans)."},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072479l"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.8","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer\/WHO. Sulfur Dioxide and Some Sulfites, Bisulfites and Metabisulfites. In: Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial Chemicals. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1992 [cited 18 Dec 2024]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK424660\/"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy097"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404143301501"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051501"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac046"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1957"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-3929"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000647"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31055"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002036"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-242"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2575"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9433-9"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.21","unstructured":"IPAQ Research Committee. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short and Long Forms. http:\/\/www.ipaq.ki.se\/scoring.pdf. 2005 [cited 26 Feb 2023]; https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1573950400545533440"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-011-0257-5"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.09.017"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000057"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004617"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.26","unstructured":"Arnault N, Caillot L, Castetbon K, et al. Table de composition des aliments, \u00e9tude NutriNet-Sant\u00e9. [Food composition table, NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 study] (in French). 2013."},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98496-6"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.28","unstructured":"Online Food Additive Index GSFA. [cited 7 Feb 2024]. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/gsfaonline\/additives\/index.html?lang=en"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.29","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency. Approved additives and E numbers. [cited 19 Jan 2024]. https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/business-guidance\/approved-additives-and-e-numbers"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.30","unstructured":"World Health Organization . ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. WHO, 2011."},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00779-w"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.33","unstructured":"French Agency for Food. Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES). \u00c9valuation des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la consommation de nitrates et nitrites. France: ANSES; 2022 [cited 14 Jan 2025]. https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/ERCA2020SA0106Ra.pdf"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.273"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381012"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.045"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.05.020"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.12.021"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(79)90034-4"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.40","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effects of ethanol, potassium metabisulfite, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide on gastric carcinogenesis in rats after initiation with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine","volume":"77","author":"Takahashi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.061069"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2017-0124"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(96)04227-9"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018341"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1359"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052602"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0962-x"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys105"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200723"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.51","unstructured":"INSEE. Internet Access and Use in the European Union. [cited 7 Jun 2025]. https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/2385835"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3813"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00241-6"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww016"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.55","unstructured":"ANSES. Etude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 3 (INCA 3). 2017."},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020682"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5880"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.21.2335"},{"key":"2026010721000708000_392.jan07_20.e084917.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:00:18Z","timestamp":1767848418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2025-084917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}