{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1790224269306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a randomised, open label comparison of the effectiveness and safety of intravenous vernakalant and intravenous procainamide for the management of acute atrial fibrillation in the emergency department.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised clinical trial (RAFF4 trial).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12 tertiary care emergency departments in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with acute atrial fibrillation for whom acute rhythm control was a safe option.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were randomised (1:1) to an intravenous infusion of vernakalant or procainamide; when rapid conversion did not occur, patients were offered electrical cardioversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcomes and measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was conversion to sinus rhythm within 30 minutes of drug infusion completion. Secondary outcomes included time to conversion to sinus rhythm and whether the patient required electrical cardioversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 350 enrolled eligible patients, baseline characteristics were similar in the procainamide (n=172) and vernakalant (n=178) groups. For the primary outcome of conversion success, vernakalant was more effective (62.4%\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      48.3%; adjusted absolute difference 15.0%, 95% confidence interval 4.6% to 25.0%, P=0.005; adjusted odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.9, P=0.006). With vernakalant, time to conversion was faster (21.8\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      44.7 minutes; mean difference \u221222.9, 95% confidence interval \u221229.9 to \u221216.0, P&lt;0.001), and fewer patients underwent attempted electrical cardioversion (33.7%\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      44.2%; odds ratio 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 0.96, P=0.033). Adverse events were similar in both groups, were generally mild and brief, and most patients were discharged home. Subgroup analysis strongly favoured vernakalant for conversion in patients younger than 70 years (73.3%\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      47.2%; adjusted odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 5.5, P=0.001, interaction P=0.005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this head-to-head comparison, vernakalant was superior to procainamide for patients with higher conversion rates and faster times to conversion. Therefore, vernakalant is a safe and highly effective intravenous alternative for the rapid cardioversion and discharge home of patients with acute atrial fibrillation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT04485195\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\">NCT04485195<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-085632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:00:12Z","timestamp":1762862412000},"page":"e085632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vernakalant versus procainamide for rapid cardioversion of patients with acute atrial fibrillation (RAFF4): randomised clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"391","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04485195","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian G","family":"Stiell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3978-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Taljaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7454-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debra","family":"Eagles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishan","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Vadeboncoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Cardiologie de Montr\u00e9al, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne M","family":"Hohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick M","family":"Archambault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine familiale et de m\u00e9dicine d\u2019urgence et D\u00e9partement d'anesth\u00e9siologie et de soins intensifs, Centre de recherche du Centre int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de sant\u00e9 et de services sociaux de Chaudi\u00e8re-Appalaches, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec, 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