{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:54:57Z","timestamp":1787327697302,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hyperkalaemia is a common and potentially life threatening electrolyte abnormality because of its association with malignant cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. This condition is frequently encountered across acute and chronic care settings and disproportionately affects patients with comorbid conditions like chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and those receiving drugs that impair renal potassium excretion. The most frequent causes of hyperkalaemia include impaired renal potassium elimination, from chronic kidney disease or pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and transcellular potassium shifts resulting from metabolic acidosis, tissue breakdown, insulin deficiency, or hypertonic states. Despite its prevalence and clinical importance, substantial variability exists in the approach to diagnosis and management of hyperkalaemia, reflecting differences in definitions, risk stratification, and therapeutic approaches across clinical settings. Management strategies have evolved in recent years with improved understanding of potassium physiology and the availability of newer potassium binding agents, necessitating an updated synthesis of the evidence. In this state of the art review, we summarise contemporary data on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hyperkalaemia, identify key risk factors and diagnostic considerations, and review evidence based approaches to acute and chronic management, with particular attention to special populations and high risk clinical scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:50:13Z","timestamp":1787309413000},"page":"e100287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosis and management of acute hyperkalaemia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"394","author":[{"given":"Megan A","family":"Rech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA"},{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharati","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean W","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine & Anesthesia, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin T","family":"Howington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA"},{"name":"Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001380"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.11.001"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300623"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.4","unstructured":"Ngwenya B . UKKA Clinical Practice Guideline - Management of Hyperkalaemia in Adults. October 2023."},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.5","unstructured":"Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. AAFP 2026. https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/pubs\/afp\/issues\/2023\/0100\/potassium-disorders-hypokalemia-hyperkalemia.html"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110770"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.8","first-page":"202","article-title":"The clinical and economic burden of hyperkalemia on Medicare and commercial payers","volume":"10","author":"Fitch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1433141"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.07.008"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2020.1775072"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.035"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/0001551214Z.00000000077"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.09.844"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.09.007"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6372.1189"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01452-7"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz206"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1503102"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(81)90182-0"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040414"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.33"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02718-3"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.03.427"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-009-0781-9"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08580813"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy100"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00670117"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008020166"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016121344"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06290616"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2017.23.4-a.s2"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010058"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004667"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.97588"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2000.7344"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2004.04.006"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11872"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.07.006"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479802"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.16.194"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068387"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1250-0"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13421"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.09.003"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.01.367"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1216714"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000691"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005428"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.03.002"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105835"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00496-4"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.54","first-page":"302","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis-induced severe hyperkalemia","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberry","year":"2009","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.06.062"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/XAA.0000000000000068"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.12.003"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00119"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.09.018"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.11.002"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz182"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx053"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437151"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01150112"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040135"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314158"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2005.11.008"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2014.966898"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04611007"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81476-3"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.6.33033"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2023.2195936"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313572"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2025.110955"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117862"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2sd00062h"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12572"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0509-8"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02537-y"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006376"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2452-2473.342812"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.04.004"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2021.12.005"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.11.030"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199007000-00010"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198704000-00003"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010344.pub2"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.09.027"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42725-1","article-title":"Insulin induces translocation of the alpha 2 and beta 1 subunits of the Na+\/K(+)-ATPase from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in mammalian skeletal muscle","volume":"267","author":"Hundal","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110489"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.70080"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2038"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2596"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxab382"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2021.10.027"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2025.12.031"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.9.1597"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268395"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.03.043"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfu026"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31818f222b"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000357679"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.284"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039277"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/627673"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1977.122"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31080-8"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20231"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196101192640303"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003235.pub2"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0631"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acepjo.2025.100158"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13868"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45236"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071311"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2023.08.075"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114686"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae313"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13954"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00185787241287676"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2024-004374"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.12.043"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxad137"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.86922"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03145-x"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.126","unstructured":"2023 Spring Clinical Meetings. 2026. https:\/\/casehippo.com\/spa\/courses\/resource\/2023-spring-clinical-meetings\/event\/home\/posters\/abstracts?abstractId=2429"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf343"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0196-1"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07363"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.019"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.20929"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607253350402"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47623-6"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.07.001"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.10.016"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.136","unstructured":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2026. https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1908655"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.138","unstructured":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of hyperkalemia in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized, controlled trials. Circulation 2026. https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057736"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057736"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15688"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900231176462"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280251336245"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280221141918"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-021-00907-w"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199610270-00025"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac262"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.10.003"},{"key":"2026082107500873000_394.aug21_1.e100287.148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.013"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:50:18Z","timestamp":1787323818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2026-100287","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}