{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:17:29Z","timestamp":1792120649101,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6214","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]],"date-time":"1980-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":320716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Med J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bites and envenoming by the carpet viper Echis carinatus are common medical emergencies in parts of Nigeria, but the most effective use of the various commercially produced antivenoms in treatment has not been established. Pasteur Paris Echis monospecific and Behringwerke West and North Africa Bitis-Echis-Naja polyspecific antivenoms were compared in two groups of seven patients with incoagulable blood after E carinatus bites. In both groups spontaneous bleeding stopped within a few hours and local swelling subsided within two weeks after the initial antivenom injection. Pasteur antivenom (20-40 ml) restored blood coagulability within 12 hours in all cases, but 60--180 ml of Behringwerke antivenom was effective in only four cases. Persisting venom procoagulant activity was observed in the remaining three cases. Despite its potency in the mouse protection test, Behringwerke antivenom is unreliable and unpredictable in neutralising venom procoagulant in humans bitten by E carinatus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T18:32:30Z","timestamp":1238697150000},"page":"607-609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Comparison of Pasteur and Behringwerke antivenoms in envenoming by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus)."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"280","author":[{"given":"D A","family":"Warrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Warrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C R","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mathison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mathison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus). Epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature","volume":"33","author":"Warrell, D.A.; Arnett, C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Warrell DA, Arnett C. The importance of bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus). Epidemiological studies in Nigeria and a review of the world literature. Acta Trop (Basel) 1976;33:307-41.","journal-title":"Acta Trop (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria","volume":"46","author":"Warrell, D.A.; NMcD, Davidson; Greenwood, B.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Warrell DA, Davidson NMcD, Greenwood BM, et al. Poisoning by bites of the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus) in Nigeria. Q J Med 1977;46:33-62.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"437","article-title":"Bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of two specific antivenoms","volume":"iv:","author":"Warrell, D.A.; NMcD, Davidson; Ormerod, L.D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Warrell DA, Davidson NMcD, Ormerod LD, et al. Bites by the saw-scaled or carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of two specific antivenoms. Br MedJ7 1974;iv:437-40."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03549.x","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of heparin","volume":"33","author":"Warrell, D.A.; Pope, H.M.; Prentice, C.R.M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Warrell DA, Pope HM, Prentice CRM. Disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by the carpet viper (Echis carinatus): trial of heparin. Br J Haematol 1976;33:335-42.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91269-8","article-title":"Prolonged coagulation defect (defibrination syndrome) in Malayan viper bite","volume":"i:","author":"Reid, H.A.; Chan, K.E.; Thean, P.C.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reid HA, Chan KE, Thean PC. Prolonged coagulation defect (defibrination syndrome) in Malayan viper bite. Lancet 1963;i:621-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following bites by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis). QJ'","volume":"45","author":"Warrell, D.A.; Greenwood, B.M.; NMcD, Davidson; Ormerod, L.D.; Prentice, C.R.M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Warrell DA, Greenwood BM, Davidson NMcD, Ormerod LD, Prentice CRM. Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following bites by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis). QJ' Med 1976;45:1-22.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Pamphlet 55","author":"Aktiengesellschaft, Behringwerke","year":"1974","unstructured":"Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft. Pamphlet 55. Marburg, 1974."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"613","article-title":"Serum reactions: an analysis of commercial antivenoms and the possible role of anticomplementary activity in de-novo reactions to antivenoms and antitoxins. MedJ3 Aust","volume":"1","author":"Sutherland, S.K.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sutherland SK. Serum reactions: an analysis of commercial antivenoms and the possible role of anticomplementary activity in de-novo reactions to antivenoms and antitoxins. MedJ3 Aust 1977;1:613-5."},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"Pamphlet 574722","author":"Institut Pasteur","year":"1969","unstructured":"Institut Pasteur. Pamphlet 574722. Paris: Institut Pasteur, 1969."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"88","article-title":"Further observations concerning the relation of the toxin and","volume-title":"anti-toxin of snake-venom. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1898","volume":"64","author":"Martin, C.J.","unstructured":"Martin CJ. Further observations concerning the relation of the toxin and anti-toxin of snake-venom. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1898;64:88-94."},{"issue":"43","key":"ref_11","first-page":"1253","article-title":"The treatment of snake bite","volume":"1969","author":"Christensen, P.A.","unstructured":"Christensen PA. The treatment of snake bite. S Afr MedJ 1969;43:1253-8.","journal-title":"S Afr MedJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90014-6","article-title":"Control of antivenom treatment in Echis carinatus (carpet viper) poisoning","volume":"70","author":"Swinson, C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Swinson C. Control of antivenom treatment in Echis carinatus (carpet viper) poisoning. Tr R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976;70:85-7.","journal-title":"Tr R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"27","article-title":"Requirements for snake antivenins. WHO Tech Rep Ser","volume":"463","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1971","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Requirements for snake antivenins. WHO Tech Rep Ser 1971;463:27-44."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"99","article-title":"Individual interspecies variability in the composition of some viperidae venoms","volume-title":"plant toxins","author":"K6rnalik, F.; Taborska, E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"K6rnalik F, Taborska E. Individual interspecies variability in the composition of some viperidae venoms. In: Kaiser E, ed. Animal and plant toxins. Munich: Wilhelm Goldmann, 1973:99-103."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"561","article-title":"Commercial production of anti-snake bite serum (antivenin)","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia","author":"Latifi, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Latifi M. Commercial production of anti-snake bite serum (antivenin). In: Gans C, Gans KA, eds. Biology of the reptilia. London: Academic Press, 1978:561-88."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Accepted 29","year":"1979","unstructured":"(Accepted 29 November 1979)"},{"key":"ref_17","article-title":"The preparation specially recommends itself for children, who, as my experience has shown, almost invariably take it without compunction, the \"medicine-time\" being by some looked forward to with pleasure. It appears to be of great value in the pre-tubercular stage of phthisis. The three ounces daily are in most cases taken without causing any deleterious effect on the alimentary canal. The alcohol materially assists the stomach in digesting the oil, when it would otherwise be unable to do so. With children, the use of sherry is sometimes preferable, as the quantity of brandy prescribed might cause unseeming hilarity. FREDERIC YOUNG Livy","volume":"1880","unstructured":"The preparation specially recommends itself for children, who, as my experience has shown, almost invariably take it without compunction, the \"medicine-time\" being by some looked forward to with pleasure. It appears to be of great value in the pre-tubercular stage of phthisis. The three ounces daily are in most cases taken without causing any deleterious effect on the alimentary canal. The alcohol materially assists the stomach in digesting the oil, when it would otherwise be unable to do so. With children, the use of sherry is sometimes preferable, as the quantity of brandy prescribed might cause unseeming hilarity. FREDERIC YOUNG Livy. (British Medical J'ournal, 1880.)","journal-title":"(British Medical J'ournal"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:23:53Z","timestamp":1765394633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6214","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.280.6214.607","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1447","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1447","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,3,1]]}}}