{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:35:34Z","timestamp":1765485334218,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6401","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]],"date-time":"1983-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":436233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc), a marker of recent hepatitis B virus infection, was sought by radioimmunoassay in sera diluted 1\/4000 from 376 patients presenting to four centres in Italy with acute, apparently type B hepatitis (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive). In 320 patients (85%) a positive IgM anti-HBc test result confirmed that hepatitis was due to primary infection with hepatitis B virus. In the remaining 56 patients absence of the IgM marker indicated that they were previously unrecognised long term carriers of HBsAg. Further serum analysis often showed delta infection and occasionally hepatitis A or cytomegalovirus infection as the true cause of their illness. After six to eight months circulating HBsAg persisted in 38 of 45 patients (84%) without IgM anti-HBc but in only six of 150 patients (4%) with the IgM antibody (p less than 0.0001). A negative IgM anti-HBc test result in patients with acute HBsAg positive hepatitis points to a factor other than hepatitis B virus as the cause of the liver damage and predicts the carriage of HBsAg.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1238670059000},"page":"1254-1256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc): diagnostic and prognostic significance in acute HBsAg positive hepatitis."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Lavarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Farci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Chiaberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Veglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Giacobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Bedarida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Susani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Toti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Almi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Caporaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240006887X","article-title":"IgM antibody response to the hepatitis B core antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis B","volume":"86","author":"Tedder, R.S.; Wilsom-Croome, R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tedder RS, Wilsom-Croome R. IgM antibody response to the hepatitis B core antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis B. J Hyg (Lond) 1981;86: 163-72.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840010307","article-title":"and the Copenhagen hepatitis acuta programme. Presence and meaning of anti-HBc IgM as determined by ELISA in patients with acute type B hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers","volume":"1","author":"Kryger, P.; Mathiesen, L.R.; Aldershvile, J.; Nielsen, J.O.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kryger P, Mathiesen LR, Aldershvile J, Nielsen JO, and the Copenhagen hepatitis acuta programme. Presence and meaning of anti-HBc IgM as determined by ELISA in patients with acute type B hepatitis and healthy HBsAg carriers. Hepatology 1981;1:233-7.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"618","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen: evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Roggendorf, M.; Deinhardt, F.; Frosner, G.G.; Scheid, R.; Bayeri, B.; Zachoval, R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Roggendorf M, Deinhardt F, Frosner GG, Scheid R, Bayeri B, Zachoval R. Immunoglobulin M antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen: evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection. 7 Glin Microbiol 1981;13:618-26.","journal-title":"7 Glin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"210","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay detection of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in HBsAg liver disease","volume":"61","author":"true","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lavarini C, Crivelli 0, Smedile A, et al. Radioimmunoassay detection of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in HBsAg liver disease. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1982;61:210-7.","journal-title":"Boll Ist Sieroter Milan"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020609","article-title":"The significance of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B carriers and hepatitis B associated chronic liver disease","volume":"2","author":"Feinmann, S.V.; Overby, L.R.; Berris, B.; Chau, K.; Schable, C.A.; Maynard, J.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Feinmann SV, Overby LR, Berris B, Chau K, Schable CA, Maynard JE. The significance of IgM antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B carriers and hepatitis B associated chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1982;2:795-9.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"604","article-title":"antibody against hepatitis B core antigen for the diagnosis of fulminant type","volume-title":"B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983; 84","author":"Shimizu, M.; Ohyama, M.; Takahashi, Y.","unstructured":"Shimizu M, Ohyama M, Takahashi Y, et al. Immunoglobulin M antibody against hepatitis B core antigen for the diagnosis of fulminant type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1983;84:604-10."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030202","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of recent hepatitis B infection by IgM class anti-HBc","volume":"3","author":"Chau, K.H.; Hargie, M.P.; Decker, R.H.; Mushawar, I.K.; Overby, L.R.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chau KH, Hargie MP, Decker RH, Mushawar IK, Overby LR. Serodiagnosis of recent hepatitis B infection by IgM class anti-HBc. Hepatology 1983;3:142-9.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030310","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of anti-HBc IgM (RIA) in acute and chronic hepatitis B and in blood donors","volume":"3","author":"Banninger, P.; Altorfer, J.; Frosner, G.G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Banninger P, Altorfer J, Frosner GG, et al. Prevalence and significance of anti-HBc IgM (RIA) in acute and chronic hepatitis B and in blood donors. Hepatology 1983;3:337-42.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"\"1420","article-title":"A radioimmunoassav for HBcAg in the sera of HBsAg carriers: serum HBcAg, serum DNA polymerase activity and liver HBcAg immunofluorescence as markers of chronic liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Rizzetto, M.; Shih, J.W.K.; Verme, G.; Gerin, G.L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Shih JWK, Verme G, Gerin GL. A radioimmunoassav for HBcAg in the sera of HBsAg carriers: serum HBcAg, serum DNA polymerase activity and liver HBcAg immunofluorescence as markers of chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1981;80: 1420-7. 1' Rizzetto M, Shih JWK, Gocke DJ, Purcell RH, Verme G, Gerin JL. Incidence and significance of antibodies to delta antigen in hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 1979;ii:986-90. \"1 Smedile A, Lavarini C, Crivelli 0, Raimondo G, Fassone M, Rizzetto M. Radioimmunoassay detection of IgM antibodies to the HBV-associated delta antigen. Clinical significance in delta infection. J Med Viral 1982; 9:131-8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology; Incidence and significance of antibodies to delta antigen in hepatitis B virus infection"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"81","article-title":"I portatori dell'antigene Australia (HBsAg): problemi attuali","volume":"27","author":"Verme, G.; Piccinino, F.; Rizzetto, M.; Giusti, G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Verme G, Piccinino F, Rizzetto M, Giusti G. I portatori dell'antigene Australia (HBsAg): problemi attuali. II Fegato 1980;27:81-114.","journal-title":"II Fegato"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02909426","article-title":"Unexpected lower prevalence of HBsAg in diabetics than in controls. A study on 2465 patients","volume":"12","author":"Bedarida, G.; D'Agostino, F.; Bianchi, M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bedarida G, D'Agostino F, Bianchi M, et al. Unexpected lower prevalence of HBsAg in diabetics than in controls. A study on 2465 patients. La Ricerca 1982; 12:409-15.","journal-title":"La Ricerca"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"192","article-title":"Characterization and clinical significance of HBeAg","author":"Mivakawa, Y.; Mayumi, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mivakawa Y, Mayumi M. Characterization and clinical significance of HBeAg. In: Vyas GN, Cohen SN, Schmid R, eds. Viral hepartitis. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press, 1978:192-201."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/141.5.590","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees","volume":"141","author":"Rizzetto, M.; Canese, M.G.; Gerin, J.L.; London, W.T.; Sly, L.D.; Purcell, R.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly LD, Purcell RH. Transmission of hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980;141:590-602.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"year":"1983","author":"2","key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(Accepted 2 August 1983)"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Arthropathy induced by beta blockade Few reports on arthropathy induced by beta blockade have been published. Pain and swelling of both knees developed in a man who took practolol for nearly three years after a myocardial infarction, subsided when he stopped the drug, and recurred when he took it again.' Polyarthritis has been described in association with propranolol and oxprenolol2; the same author described a similar case attributable to propranolol.","article-title":"Arthropathy induced by beta blockade Few reports on arthropathy induced by beta blockade have been published. Pain and swelling of both knees developed in a man who took practolol for nearly three years after a myocardial infarction, subsided when he stopped the drug, and recurred when he took it again.' Polyarthritis has been described in association with propranolol and oxprenolol2; the same author described a similar case attributable to propranolol"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"In 1980 I began to look for possible cases of arthropathy induced by beta blockade after a patient's shoulder complaint subsided soon after metoprolol was stopped.","article-title":"In 1980 I began to look for possible cases of arthropathy induced by beta blockade after a patient's shoulder complaint subsided soon after metoprolol was stopped"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1765320870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6401","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1447","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1447"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1983,10,29]]}}}