{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:56:29Z","timestamp":1765396589608,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6416","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]],"date-time":"1984-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":445910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sixty eight women referred for treatment of hyperprolactinaemia entered a three year follow up study to determine the clinical and endocrine course of the disease and its association with microadenoma of the pituitary. Details recorded before treatment included medical history, gonadotrophin and ovarian hormonal concentrations, and release of prolactin in response to protirelin (thyrotrophin releasing hormone), benserazide, cimetidine, and nomifensine. Sellar tomography was then performed yearly for three years in all women, 54 of them also undergoing computed coronal and sagittal tomography. At baseline evaluation 27 women showed radiological evidence of pituitary adenoma; at the end of the follow up period the number had increased to 41. Amenorrhoea, steady and raised serum prolactin concentrations, a low ratio of luteinising hormone to follicle stimulating hormone, a longer duration of disease, and low serum progesterone concentrations were more common in women with a final diagnosis of pituitary adenoma than in those whose sella remained normal. Tests for release of prolactin had yielded abnormal results from the outset in all 41 women with radiological evidence of pituitary adenoma and in about half of those whose sella had remained radiologically normal. Response to medical treatment (metergoline in 20 patients, bromocriptine in 21) was similar and showed no difference between patients with tumorous and non-tumorous hyperprolactinaemia. These findings suggest that a large proportion of women with hyperprolactinaemia may harbour a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma which becomes apparent over a relatively short period. Amenorrhoea and steady and raised serum prolactin concentrations are more common in these women. Tests for release of prolactin are of predictive value in identifying women who will develop a pituitary adenoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1238670059000},"page":"515-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Development of pituitary adenoma in women with hyperprolactinaemia: clinical, endocrine, and radiological characteristics."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"A E","family":"Pontiroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Falsetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Hyperprolactinaemia: pituitary tumour or not?","volume":"i:","author":"Anonymous","year":"1980","unstructured":"Anonymous. Hyperprolactinaemia: pituitary tumour or not? Lancet 1980;i:517-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90866-X","article-title":"Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia","volume":"62","author":"Gomez, F.; Reyes, F.; Faiman, C.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gomez F, Reyes F, Faiman C. Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Am J Med 1977;62:648-54.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1000333","article-title":"Spontaneous development of hyperprolactinemia","volume":"100","author":"Rjosk, H.K.; Fahlbusch, R.; vonWerder K","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rjosk HK, Fahlbusch R, vonWerder K. Spontaneous development of hyperprolactinemia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982;100:333-6.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.120.1.46","article-title":"Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma; roentgenologic diagnosis","volume":"120","author":"Vezina, J.L.; Sutton, T.J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Vezina JL, Sutton TJ. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma; roentgenologic diagnosis. AJrR 1974;120:46-54.","journal-title":"AJrR"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-48-569-366","article-title":"Borderline variants of the normal pituitary fossa","volume":"48","author":"Swanson, H.A.; du Boulay, G.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Swanson HA, du Boulay G. Borderline variants of the normal pituitary fossa. Br J Radiol 1975;48:366-9.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198101153040306","article-title":"Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series","volume":"304","author":"Burrow, G.N.; Wortzman, G.; Rewcastle, N.B.; Holgate, R.C.; Kovacs, K.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, Holgate RC, Kovacs K. Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series. N EnglJ_ Med 1981;304:156-8.","journal-title":"N EnglJ_ Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0910385","article-title":"The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and L-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in functional galactorrhea syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Jeske, W.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jeske W. The effect of metoclopramide, TRH and L-dopa on prolactin secretion in pituitary adenoma and in functional galactorrhea syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1979;91:385-96.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347709154988","article-title":"Prolactin responsiveness to TRH in amenorrheic women with and without galactorrhea","volume":"56","author":"MacGregor, C.; Maldonado, D.; Canales, E.S.; Soria, J.; Zarate, A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"MacGregor C, Maldonado D, Canales ES, Soria J, Zarate A. Prolactin responsiveness to TRH in amenorrheic women with and without galactorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977;56:333-6.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-6-1417","article-title":"Central nervous system mediated stimulation of prolactin secretion by cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist: impaired responsiveness in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia","volume":"51","author":"Gonzalez-Villapando, G.; Szabo, M.; Frohman, L.A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Villapando G, Szabo M, Frohman LA. Central nervous system mediated stimulation of prolactin secretion by cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist: impaired responsiveness in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:1417-24.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0980326","article-title":"Benserazide, a stimulator of prolactin release: a new test in the diagnosis of pituitary prolactin secreting tumors","volume":"78","author":"Pontiroli, A.E.; Falsetti, L.; Voltolini, A.M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pontiroli AE, Falsetti L, Voltolini AM, et al. Benserazide, a stimulator of prolactin release: a new test in the diagnosis of pituitary prolactin secreting tumors. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1981;78:326-32.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-47-6-1352","article-title":"Nomifensine: diagnostic test in hyperprolactinemic states","volume":"47","author":"Muller, E.E.; Genazzani, A.R.; Murru, S.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Muller EE, Genazzani AR, Murru S. Nomifensine: diagnostic test in hyperprolactinemic states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;47:1352-7.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109022","article-title":"Loss of central nervous system component of dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in patients with prolactinsecreting pituitary tumors","volume":"61","author":"Fine, S.A.; Frohman, L.A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fine SA, Frohman LA. Loss of central nervous system component of dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in patients with prolactinsecreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Invest 1978;61:973-80.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"21","article-title":"Microprolactinoma and functional hyperprolactinemia: two clinical entities or two phases of the same disease ?","volume-title":"A clinical problem: microprolactinoma","author":"Peters, JR, Foord; SM, Dieguez; C, Rodriguez-Arnao; MD, Hall; R, Scanlon; M.F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Peters JR, Foord SM, Dieguez C, Rodriguez-Arnao MD, Hall R, Scanlon MF. Microprolactinoma and functional hyperprolactinemia: two clinical entities or two phases of the same disease ? In: Molinatti GM, ed. A clinical problem: microprolactinoma. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1982:21-34. (ICS No 584.)"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"\"924","article-title":"The effect of histamine and H1 and H2 receptors on prolactin and luteinizing hormone release in humans; sex difference and the role of stress","volume":"52","author":"Pontiroli, A.E.; De Castro e Silva, E.; Mazzoleni, F.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Pontiroli AE, De Castro e Silva E, Mazzoleni F, et al. The effect of histamine and H1 and H2 receptors on prolactin and luteinizing hormone release in humans; sex difference and the role of stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;52:924-8. '5 Ferrari C, Reschini E, Peracchi M, Crosignani PG. Endocrine profile and therapeutic employment of a new prolactin-lowering drug, metergoline. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1980; 1:-11.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab; Endocrine profile and therapeutic employment of a new prolactin-lowering drug, metergoline"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"993","article-title":"Increasing use of dopamine agonists as the first choice therapy of prolactin-secreting adenomas","volume":"126","author":"Lancranjan, I.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lancranjan I. Increasing use of dopamine agonists as the first choice therapy of prolactin-secreting adenomas. In: Molinatti GM, ed. A clinical problem: microprolactinoma. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1982:103-13. (ICS No 584.) 17Wiebe RH, Hammond CB, Borchert LG. Diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Am Jf Obstet Gynecol 1976;126:993-6.","journal-title":"Am Jf Obstet Gynecol; A clinical problem: microprolactinoma"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"\"171","article-title":"Benserazide and nomifensine in the diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas","volume":"101","author":"Pontiroli, A.E.; Loda, G.; Roggia, A.; Scagliola, P.; Falsetti, L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pontiroli AE, Loda G, Roggia A, Scagliola P, Falsetti L. Benserazide and nomifensine in the diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982;101: 171-9. '9 Keye WR, Chang RJ, Jaffe RB. Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N EnglJ Med 1977;297:396-401.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh); 9 Keye WR, Chang RJ, Jaffe RB. Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308043090505","article-title":"Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma","volume":"309","year":"1983","unstructured":"Serri 0, Rasio E, Beauregard H, Hardy J, Somma M. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma. N EnglJ Med 1983;309:280-3.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-3-302","article-title":"Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome; follow-up of forty five patients after pituitary tumor removal","volume":"94","author":"Tucker, H.S.G.; Grubb, SR, Wigand; J.P.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tucker HSG, Grubb SR, Wigand JP, et al. Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome; follow-up of forty five patients after pituitary tumor removal. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:302-7.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000122042","article-title":"Effects of prolactin and ergot alkaloids on the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons","volume":"9","author":"Hokfelt, T.; Fuxe, K.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hokfelt T, Fuxe K. Effects of prolactin and ergot alkaloids on the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. Neuroendocrinology 1972;9:100-72.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0930271","article-title":"Interaction of dopaminergic and antiserotoninergic drugs in the control of prolactin and LH release in normal women","volume":"93","author":"Pontiroli, A.E.; Pellicciotta, G.; De Castro e Silva, E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pontiroli AE, Pellicciotta G, De Castro e Silva E, et al. Interaction of dopaminergic and antiserotoninergic drugs in the control of prolactin and LH release in normal women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;93: 271-6.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"author":"Accepted 15 December 1983)","key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(Accepted 15 December 1983)"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:52:51Z","timestamp":1765396371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.288.6416.515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1447","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1447"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,18]]}}}