{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:32:15Z","timestamp":1787164335807,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6500","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,10,5]],"date-time":"1985-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":497318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Saliva cotinine concentrations in 569 non-smoking schoolchildren were strongly related to the smoking habits of their parents. When neither parent smoked the mean concentration was 0.44 ng\/ml, rising to 3.38 ng\/ml when both parents were cigarette smokers. Mothers' smoking had a stronger influence than did fathers' (p less than 0.01). In addition, there was a small independent effect of number of siblings who smoked (p less than 0.01). The dose of nicotine received from fathers' smoking was estimated as equivalent to the active smoking of 30 cigarettes a year, that from mothers' smoking as equivalent to smoking 50 cigarettes a year, and that from both parents smoking as equivalent to smoking 80 cigarettes a year. This unsolicited burden may be prolonged throughout childhood and poses a definite risk to health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6500.927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1238670059000},"page":"927-929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Passive exposure to tobacco smoke: saliva cotinine concentrations in a representative population sample of non-smoking schoolchildren."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"M J","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Feyerabend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Eiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Gammage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E M","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"933","article-title":"The health effects of involuntary smoking","volume":"128","author":"Weiss, S.T.; Tager, I.B.; Schenker, M.; Speizer, F.E.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Weiss ST, Tager IB, Schenker M, Speizer FE. 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Increasing the validity of self-reports of smoking behavior in children. 7 Appl Psychol 1977;62:521-3.","journal-title":"7 Appl Psychol"},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Population Censuses and Surveys. General household survey 1982","author":"Office of","year":"1984","unstructured":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. General household survey 1982. London: HMSO, 1984."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"993","article-title":"A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cotinine in biological fluids","volume":"105","author":"Feyerabend, C.; Russell, M.A.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Feyerabend C, Russell MAH. A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cotinine in biological fluids. Analyst 1980;105:993-1001.","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Smoking among secondary school children","author":"Dobbs, J.; Marsh, A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dobbs J, Marsh A. Smoking among secondary school children. 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Absorption of nicotine and carbon monoxide from passive smoking under natural conditions of exposure. Thorax 1983;38:829-33.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198307213090303","article-title":"Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine","volume":"309","author":"Benowitz, N.L.; Hall, S.M.; Herning, R.I.; Jacob, P.; Jones, R.T.; Osman, A.-L.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Hall SM, Herning RI, Jacob P, Jones RT, Osman A-L. Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N Engl7 Med 1983;309: 139-42.","journal-title":"N Engl7 Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_20","first-page":"20","article-title":"Serum cotinine levels in pipe smokers: evidence against nicotine as cause of heart disease","volume":"40","author":"Wald, N.J.; Idle, M.; Boreham, J.; Bailey, A.; Van Vunakis, H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wald NJ, Idle M, Boreham J, Bailey A, Van Vunakis H. Serum cotinine levels in pipe smokers: evidence against nicotine as cause of heart disease. Lancet 1981;i:40-1. 20a Russell MAH, Jarvis MJ, Feyerabend C, Saloojee Y. Reduction of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide intake in low-tar smokers. J Epidemiol Community Health (in press).","journal-title":"Lancet; Reduction of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide intake in low-tar smokers"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"The use of biologic fluid samples in assessing tobacco smoke consumption","volume-title":"Measurement in the analysis and treatment of smoking behavior","author":"Benowitz, N.L.","year":"48.)","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. The use of biologic fluid samples in assessing tobacco smoke consumption. In: Grabowski J, Bell CS, eds. Measurement in the analysis and treatment of smoking behavior. Washington: Department of Health and Human Services, 1983. 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