{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:43:21Z","timestamp":1765543401309,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6525","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]],"date-time":"1986-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":513043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute primary maternal infection with rubella virus during pregnancy often, but not invariably, leads to the congenital rubella syndrome. Diagnosis by detection of virus specific IgM in the mother is not always possible, and in those cases in which IgM is detected the fetus has not necessarily also been infected. A method for direct, prenatal detection of fetal infection would allow more accurate early diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome. In this study a case of suspected preconception rubella infection that was not referred until 14 weeks after the appearance of a rash was studied to determine whether a retrospective serological diagnosis of primary rubella could be made, and whether direct evidence of fetal infection could be obtained from a chorionic villus biopsy specimen by detecting virus specific antigens or ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences. Monoclonal antibodies and a cloned complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probe were used successfully to detect antigens to rubella virus antigens and RNA sequences in the chorionic villus biopsy specimen, which was taken at 15 weeks' gestation. This method should serve as a new approach to the diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome in utero.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"930-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["First trimester prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella: a laboratory investigation."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"G M","family":"Terry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Ho-Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R C","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C H","family":"Rodeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K R","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.19.020168.002351","article-title":"Intrauterine viral infections","volume":"19","author":"JL, I.Sever; LR, White","year":"1968","unstructured":"I Sever JL, White LR. Intrauterine viral infections. Ann Rev Med 1968;19:471-86.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Med"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"781","article-title":"Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy","volume":"ii:","author":"Miller, E.; Craddock-Watson, J.E.; Poilock, T.M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Miller E, Craddock-Watson JE, Poilock TM. Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet 1982;ii:781-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Available rubella serologic tests","volume":"7","author":"Hermann, K.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hermann KL. Available rubella serologic tests. RevInfect Dis 1985;7(suppl 1): 108-12.","journal-title":"RevInfect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serologic test combinations for safe detection of rubella infections","volume":"7","author":"Enders, G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Enders G. Serologic test combinations for safe detection of rubella infections. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7(suppl 1):1 13-22.","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"470","article-title":"Sensitivity of a radioimmunoassay method for detection of certain viral antibodies in sera and cerebrospinal fluids. J7 Clin Microbiol","volume":"4","author":"Forghani, B.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Forghani B. Sensitivity of a radioimmunoassay method for detection of certain viral antibodies in sera and cerebrospinal fluids.J7 Clin Microbiol 1976;4:470-8."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"117","article-title":"Solid-phase radioinimunoassay of rubella virus immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies. J7 ClGn Microbiol","volume":"4","author":"Kalimo, K.O.O.; Meurman, O.H.; Halonen, P.E.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kalimo KOO, Meurman OH, Halonen PE, et al. 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Med3 Aust 1974;2:629-63 1."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella","volume":"ii:","author":"Daffos, F.; Grangeot-Keros, L.; Lebon, P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Daffos F, Grangeot-Keros L, Lebon P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. Lancet 1984;ii: 1-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970050105","article-title":"Prenatal detection of rubella-specific IgM in fetal sera","volume":"5","author":"Morgan-Capner, P.; Rodeck, C.H.; Nicolaides, K.H.; Cradock-Watson, J.E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Morgan-Capner P, Rodeck CH, Nicolaides KH, Cradock-Watson JE. Prenatal detection of rubella-specific IgM in fetal sera. Prenatal Diagnosis 1985;5:21-6.","journal-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"725","article-title":"Rubella virus","volume-title":"Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickeusial and chlamydial infections","author":"Herrmann, K.L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Herrmann KL. Rubella virus. In: Lennette EH, Schmidt NJ, eds. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickeusial and chlamydial infections. 5th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association, 1979:725-66.","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196412172712501","article-title":"Virological and serological studies on human products of conception after maternal rubella","volume":"271","author":"Alford, C.A.; Neva, F.A.; Weller, T.H.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Alford CA, Neva FA, Weller TH. Virological and serological studies on human products of conception after maternal rubella. N EnglJ Med 1964;271:1275-81.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Diagnosis of congenital rubella in utero. N Engl3'","volume":"290","author":"Levin, M.J.; Oxman, M.N.; Moore, M.G.; Daniels, J.B.; Scheer, K.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Levin MJ, Oxman MN, Moore MG, Daniels JB, Scheer K. Diagnosis of congenital rubella in utero. N Engl3' Med 1974;290:1187-8.","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.1.79","article-title":"Strannegard 0. Studies ofamniotic fluid in women infected with rubella","volume":"129","author":"Alestig, K.; Bartsch, F.K.; Nilsson, L.-A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Alestig K, Bartsch FK, Nilsson L-A, Strannegard 0. Studies ofamniotic fluid in women infected with rubella. 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Characteristics of an improved HAI test employing a new method of removal of non-immunoglobulin HA inhibitors from serum","volume":"104","author":"Liebhaber, H.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Liebhaber H. Measurement of rubella antibody by haemagglutination inhibition. II. Characteristics of an improved HAI test employing a new method of removal of non-immunoglobulin HA inhibitors from serum. J Immunol 1970;104:826-34.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1340","article-title":"A single operator technique for first trimester chorion biopsy","volume":"ii:","author":"Rodeck, C.H.; Morsman, J.M.; Nicolaides, K.H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rodeck CH, Morsman JM, Nicolaides KH, et al. A single operator technique for first trimester chorion biopsy. 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New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1982:194-5."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"255","article-title":"Hybridisation of denatured RNA transferred or dotted to nitrocellulose paper","volume":"100","author":"Thomas, P.S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Thomas PS. Hybridisation of denatured RNA transferred or dotted to nitrocellulose paper. MethodsEnzymol 1983;100:255-66.","journal-title":"MethodsEnzymol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314111","article-title":"Rubella virus RNA: Effect of high multiplicity passage","volume":"86","author":"Terry, G.M.; Ho-Terry, L.; Cohen, A.; Londesborough, P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Terry GM, Ho-Terry L, Cohen A, Londesborough P. Rubella virus RNA: Effect of high multiplicity passage. 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AmJ MedSci 1932;183:80-104.","journal-title":"AmJ MedSci"},{"article-title":"Accepted","year":"1986","key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(Accepted 13 February 1986)"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:39:14Z","timestamp":1765543154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6525","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.292.6525.930","relation":{},"ISSN":["0267-0623","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0267-0623"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,4,5]]}}}