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(Series DH2 No 9.)"},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Central Statistical Office: Social trends","year":"1982","unstructured":"Central Statistical Office: Social trends. London: HMSO, 1982."},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Annual abstractofstatistics. No 123","author":"Office, Central Statistical","year":"1987","unstructured":"Central Statistical Office. Annual abstractofstatistics. No 123. London: HMSO, 1987."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"13343","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a London coroner's open verdicts","volume":"127","author":"Holding, T.A.; Barraclough, B.M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Holding TA, Barraclough BM. Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a London coroner's open verdicts. 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A higher proportion of patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy were smokers compared not only with randomly selected controls but also with patients with Graves' disease with slight or no ophthalmopathy. Therefore the main effect of smoking seems to be on the severity of eye disease in Graves' disease. The association was stronger when only current smokers were considered, which suggests that the effect of smoking on endocrine ophthalmopathy is direct and immediate","unstructured":"This study suggests that smoking and severe endocrine ophthalmopathy are associated. A higher proportion of patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy were smokers compared not only with randomly selected controls but also with patients with Graves' disease with slight or no ophthalmopathy. Therefore the main effect of smoking seems to be on the severity of eye disease in Graves' disease. The association was stronger when only current smokers were considered, which suggests that the effect of smoking on endocrine ophthalmopathy is direct and immediate."},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"An association between smoking and thyroid disease has been observed.4 Infiltrative and severe endocrine ophthalmopathy is believed to be of autoimmune origin.' Smoking affects both the cell mediated and the humoral immune systems, but the influence seems to be mainly an inhibitory one.5 Possibly subsets of T or B cells are differently affected by","unstructured":"An association between smoking and thyroid disease has been observed.4 Infiltrative and severe endocrine ophthalmopathy is believed to be of autoimmune origin.' 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