{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:12:03Z","timestamp":1765887123003,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6645","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]],"date-time":"1988-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":586828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A case-control study of all perinatal deaths in Leicestershire was established in 1976. By 1985 some 1342 singleton perinatal deaths had occurred. Perinatal mortality among patients of Asian origin was consistently higher than that among European women. Many of the sociomedical risk factors for perinatal death known at booking were common to both population groups. In this population of Asian women, however, low social class was not associated with perinatal risk and illegitimacy hardly ever occurred. In contrast, previous infertility among the Asian women was associated with risk of perinatal death, while no such association was found with European women. In 19% of perinatal deaths care was either inadequately provided or taken up. The case-control design in these circumstances provides a practicable way to evaluate causal factors and at the same time to provide information of value to educators and health service planners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"384-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Asian mothers' risk factors for perinatal death--the same or different? A 10 year review of Leicestershire perinatal deaths."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. G.","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. S.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"MacVicar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"744","article-title":"Pneumocvstis carinii pneumonitis. 'I'he nature and significance of the methenamine silver-positive \"intracystic bodies.\"","volume":"9","author":"Watts, J.C.; Chandler, F.W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watts JC, Chandler FW. Pneumocvstis carinii pneumonitis. 'I'he nature and significance of the methenamine silver-positive \"intracystic bodies.\" Am J SurgPathol 1985;9:744-51.","journal-title":"Am J SurgPathol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/68.3.427","article-title":"Rapid Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate method for fungi and Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"68","author":"Churukian, C.J.; Schenk, E.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Churukian CJ, Schenk EA. Rapid Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate method for fungi and Pneumocystis carinii. Am J7 Clin Paihol 1977;68: 427-8.","journal-title":"Am J7 Clin Paihol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.26.5.666-671.1973","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a direct fluorescent antibody method for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection in experimental animals","volume":"26","author":"Lim, S.K.; Eveland, W.C.; Porter, R.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lim SK, Eveland WC, Porter RJ. Development and evaluation of a direct fluorescent antibody method for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection in experimental animals. Applied Microbiology 1973;26:666-7 1.","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.11.4.409-417.1980","article-title":"Comparison of histological and immunological techniques for detection of Pneumocystis carinii in rat bronchial lavage fluid","volume":"11","author":"Milder, J.E.; Walzer, P.D.; Coonrod, J.D.; Rutledge, M.E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Milder JE, Walzer PD, Coonrod JD, Rutledge ME. Comparison of histological and immunological techniques for detection of Pneumocystis carinii in rat bronchial lavage fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1980;11:409-17.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"ii:","author":"Kovacs, J.A.; Swan, J.C.; Shelhamer, J.; Gill, V.; Ognibene, F.; Parillo, J.E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kovacs JA, Swan JC, Shelhamer J, Gill V, Ognibene F, Parillo JE. Prospective evaluation of a monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1986;ii: 1-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92463-3","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody to detect Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"ii:","author":"Linder, E.; Elvin, K.; Bjorkman, A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Linder E, Elvin K, Bjorkman A, et al. Monoclonal antibody to detect Pneumocystis carinii. Lancet 1986;ii:634.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90435-2","article-title":"Detection of Pneumocystis carinii in lungderived samples using monoclonal antibodies to an 82 kDa parasite component","volume":"98","author":"Linder, E.; Lundin, L.; Vorma, H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Linder E, Lundin L, Vorma H. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii in lungderived samples using monoclonal antibodies to an 82 kDa parasite component. J Immunol Methods 1987;98:57-62.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.400","article-title":"Disinfectiorn and inactivation of the human F lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated virus","volume":"152","author":"Martin, L.S.; McDougal, J.S.; Loskoski, S.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskoski SL. Disinfectiorn and inactivation of the human F lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. 7 Infect Dis 1985;152:400-3.","journal-title":"7 Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"899","article-title":"Inactivation of lymphadenopathy associated virus by chemical disinfectants","volume":"ii:","author":"Spire, B.; Barre-Sinoussi, F.; Montagnier, L.; Cherman, J.C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Spire B, Barre-Sinoussi F, Montagnier L, Cherman JC. Inactivation of lymphadenopathy associated virus by chemical disinfectants. Lancet 1984;ii: 899-901.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2924","article-title":"Ten minute silver stain for Pneumocystis carinii and fungi in tissue sections","volume":"106","author":"Musto, L.; Flanigan, M.; Elbadawi, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Musto L, Flanigan M, Elbadawi A. Ten minute silver stain for Pneumocystis carinii and fungi in tissue sections. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982;106:2924.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"143","article-title":"Indirect immunofluorescence for serodiagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection","volume":"12","author":"Novoslawski, A.; Brzosko, W.J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Novoslawski A, Brzosko WJ. Indirect immunofluorescence for serodiagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Bulletin de l'Academnie Polonaise des Sciences 1964;12:143-7.","journal-title":"Bulletin de l'Academnie Polonaise des Sciences"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.89.4.522","article-title":"Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"89","author":"Mones, J.M.; Saldana, M.J.; Oldham, S.A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mones JM, Saldana MJ, Oldham SA. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1986;89:522-6.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(85)91883-3","article-title":"The acquired imnmunodeficiency syndrome: problems associated with the management of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Farthing, C.F.; Shanson, D.C.; Gazzard, B.G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Farthing CF, Shanson DC, Gazzard BG. The acquired imnmunodeficiency syndrome: problems associated with the management of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Infect 1985;11: 103-8.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States","volume":"80","author":"Walzer, P.D.; Perl, D.P.; Krogstad, D.J.; Rawson, P.G.; Schultz, M.G.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ, Rawson PG, Schultz MG. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Ann InternMed 1974;80:83-93."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(84)90025-7","article-title":"Evaluation of serologic tests for Pneumocystis carinii antibody and antigenemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Maddison, S.E.; Walls, K.W.; Haverkos, H.W.; Juranek, D.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Maddison SE, Walls KW, Haverkos HW, Juranek DD. Evaluation of serologic tests for Pneumocystis carinii antibody and antigenemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1984;2:69-73.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"83","key":"ref_16","first-page":"803","article-title":"Evaluation of technique and results for obtaining sputum for lung carcinoma screening","volume":"1961","author":"Leilop, L.; Garret, M.; Lyons, H.","unstructured":"Leilop L, Garret M, Lyons H. Evaluation of technique and results for obtaining sputum for lung carcinoma screening. Am Rev Resp Dis 1961;83:803-7.","journal-title":"Am Rev Resp Dis"},{"article-title":"The British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Penrnatal mortalily","year":"1963","key":"ref_17","unstructured":"The British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Penrnatal mortalily. Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1963."},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Brittsh births 1970","author":"Heinemann, W.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Heinemann W. Brittsh births 1970. London: Medical Books, 1975."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197603112941104","article-title":"Measuring the quality of medical care","volume":"294","author":"Rutstein, D.D.; Berenberg, W.; Chalmers, T.C.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rutstein DD, Berenberg W, Chalmers TC. Measuring the quality of medical care. N Engl Med 1976;294:582-8.","journal-title":"N Engl Med"},{"article-title":"House of Commons Social Services Committee. Perinatal and neonatal mortalitv","year":"1980","key":"ref_20","unstructured":"House of Commons Social Services Committee. Perinatal and neonatal mortalitv. London: HMSO, 1980:1."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113142","article-title":"The design and interpretation of case-control studies of perinatal mortality","volume":"113","author":"Clarke, M.; Clayton, D.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Clarke M, Clayton DG. The design and interpretation of case-control studies of perinatal mortality. Am] Epidemiol 1981;113:636-45.","journal-title":"Am] Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"192","article-title":"The analysis of case-control studies. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1","author":"Breslow, N.E.; Day, N.E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE. The analysis of case-control studies. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1980:192-246."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92717-8","article-title":"Monitoring perinatal mortality: a pathophysiological approach","volume":"ii:","author":"Wigglesworth, J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wigglesworth J. Monitoring perinatal mortality: a pathophysiological approach. Lancet 1980;ii:684-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"621","article-title":"Quality of obstetric care provided for Asian immigrants in Leicester","volume-title":"BrMed.7","volume":"286","author":"Clarke, M.; Clayton, D.G.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Clarke M, Clayton DG. Quality of obstetric care provided for Asian immigrants in Leicester. BrMed.7 1983;286:621-3."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"221","article-title":"Do locally-based enquiries into perinatal mortality reduce the risk of perinatal death?","volume-title":"Recent advances in communitvmedicine No 3","author":"Elbourne, D.; Mutch, L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Elbourne D, Mutch L. Do locally-based enquiries into perinatal mortality reduce the risk of perinatal death? In: Smith A, ed. Recent advances in communitvmedicine No 3. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1985:221-9."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"491","article-title":"Mersey Regional Working Party on Perinatal Mortality. Confidential enquiries into perinatal deaths in the Mersey region","volume":"i:","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mersey Regional Working Party on Perinatal Mortality. Confidential enquiries into perinatal deaths in the Mersey region. Lancet 1982;i:491-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1103","article-title":"The Scottish perinatal mortality survey","volume":"ii:","author":"Mcllwaine, G.M.; Howat, R.C.L.; Dunn, F.; Macnaughton, M.C.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mcllwaine GM, Howat RCL, Dunn F, Macnaughton MC. The Scottish perinatal mortality survey. BrMedJ 1979;ii: 1103-6.","journal-title":"BrMedJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6590.89","article-title":"Lethal malformations and perinatal mortality: a ten year review with comparison of ethnic differences","volume":"295","author":"Young, I.D.; Clarke, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Young ID, Clarke M. Lethal malformations and perinatal mortality: a ten year review with comparison of ethnic differences. Br Med_7 1987;295:89-9 1.","journal-title":"Br Med_7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6502.1081","article-title":"The Southall diabetes survey: prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans","volume":"291","author":"Mather, H.M.; Keen, H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mather HM, Keen H. The Southall diabetes survey: prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br Medy 1985;291: 1081-4.","journal-title":"Br Medy"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T17:41:34Z","timestamp":1765474894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6645","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.297.6645.384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0959-8138"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,8,6]]}}}