{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T19:10:39Z","timestamp":1765480239619,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6660","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,11,26]],"date-time":"1988-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":596505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetomaternal haemorrhage was studied after 68 consecutive fetal intravascular transfusions performed in 20 patients with Rh isoimmunisation. alpha Fetoprotein concentration was assayed in maternal blood taken before, and immediately after each transfusion and three and 24 hours later. An increase of 50% or more in the concentration in any of the samples after transfusion was considered to indicate fetomaternal haemorrhage. Fetal alpha fetoprotein concentration in blood sampled before transfusion was also assayed and the amount of fetomaternal haemorrhage calculated. Fetomaternal haemorrhage occurred in 21 of 32 patients with an anterior placenta and in six of 36 with a posterior or fundal placenta. The mean estimated volume of haemorrhage was 2.4 ml, which was on average equal to 3.1% of the total fetoplacental blood volume. When the volume of fetomaternal haemorrhage at the first transfusion was greater than 1 ml there was a greater increase in maternal Rh (D) antibody titres and a greater fall in fetal packed cell volume. Sampling of fetal blood should not be routinely done early in patients with Rh isoimmunisation, and intrauterine transfusion should be delayed as long as possible. Sampling sites other than the placental cord insertion reduces the risk of fetomaternal haemorrhage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6660.1379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"1379-1381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Consequences of fetomaternal haemorrhage after intrauterine transfusion."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. K.","family":"Kochenour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. A.","family":"Letsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Rodeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1988,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided fetal intravascular transfusion for severe rhesus haemolytic disease","volume":"284","author":"Bang, J.; Bock, J.E.; Trolle, D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bang J, Bock JE, Trolle D. Ultrasound-guided fetal intravascular transfusion for severe rhesus haemolytic disease. BrMedJ 1982;284:373-4.","journal-title":"BrMedJ"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"529","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided fetal blood transfusion for severe rhesus isoimmunization","volume":"66","author":"de Crespigny LC; HP, Robinson; M, Quinn; L, Doyle; A, Ross; M, Cauchi","year":"1985","unstructured":"de Crespigny LC, Robinson HP, Quinn M, Doyle L, Ross A, Cauchi M. Ultrasound-guided fetal blood transfusion for severe rhesus isoimmunization. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:529-32.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90282-6","article-title":"Intrauterine intravascular transfusions for severe red blood cell isoimmunization: ultrasound-guided percutaneous approach","volume":"155","author":"Berkowitz, R.L.; Chitkara, U.; GoldbergJD, Wilkins; I, Chervenak; FA, Lynch; L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Berkowitz RL,Chitkara U, GoldbergJD, Wilkins I, Chervenak FA, Lynch L. 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BrJ7 Obstet Gynaecol","volume":"94","author":"MacKenzie, I.Z.; Bowell, P.J.; Ferguson, J.; Castle, B.M.; Entwistle, C.C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"MacKenzie IZ, Bowell PJ, Ferguson J, Castle BM, Entwistle CC. In-utero intravascular transfusion of the fetus for the management of severe rhesus isotmmunization-a reappraisal. BrJ7 Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:1068-73."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80254-4","article-title":"Fetal blood sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound: a study of 606 consecutive cases","volume":"153","author":"Daffos, F.; Capella-Pavlovsky, M.; Forestier, F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Daffos F, Capella-Pavlovsky M, Forestier F. Fetal blood sampling during pregnancy with use of a needle guided by ultrasound: a study of 606 consecutive cases. 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Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:60-4.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03145.x","article-title":"Feto-maternal haemorrhage associated with genetic amniocentesis: results of a randomized trial","volume":"94","author":"Tabor, A.; Bang, J.; Norgaard-Pedersen, B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tabor A, Bang J, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Feto-maternal haemorrhage associated with genetic amniocentesis: results of a randomized trial. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:528-34.","journal-title":"BrJ Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"207-1","key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in maternal serum alphafetoprotein levels associated with intrauterine genetic diagnostic procedures","volume":"4","author":"Simpson, G.F.; Sun, N.H.; Golbus, M.S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simpson GF, Sun NH, Golbus MS. Changes in maternal serum alphafetoprotein levels associated with intrauterine genetic diagnostic procedures. Prenat Diagn 1984;4:207-1 1.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1963.tb04922.x","article-title":"Increase in plasma volume during normal pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Hytten, F.E.; Paintin, D.B.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hytten FE, Paintin DB. Increase in plasma volume during normal pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gyneocology of the British Commonwealth 1963;70: 402-7.","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gyneocology of the British Commonwealth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80344-7","article-title":"Measurement of blood volume in erythroblastosis fetalis","volume":"157","author":"Nicolaides, K.H.; Clewell, W.H.; Rodeck, C.H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nicolaides KH, Clewell WH, Rodeck CH. Measurement of blood volume in erythroblastosis fetalis. Amj Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:50-3.","journal-title":"Amj Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sinusoidal rhythm caused by fetal haemorrhage during fetoscopy","volume":"12","author":"Nicolini, U.; Hertogs, K.; Rodeck, C.H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nicolini U, Hertogs K, Rodeck CH. Sinusoidal rhythm caused by fetal haemorrhage during fetoscopy. 7Penrnat Med 1984;12:39-42."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"209","article-title":"Reversal of Rh alloimmunization. Fact or fancy?","volume":"48","author":"Bowman, J.M.; Pollock, J.M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bowman JM, Pollock JM. Reversal of Rh alloimmunization. Fact or fancy? 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