{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:35:13Z","timestamp":1765262113891,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6671","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]],"date-time":"1989-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":603763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A national study of the prevalence of HIV antibody designed to monitor sexual spread of HIV infection in England and Wales was made of homosexual and heterosexual patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in four districts in 1985, seven in 1986, and 14 in 1987. Patients were invited to participate and were counselled. Among homosexual men in two clinics in south east England, HIV antibody was found in 92 (12.9%) of 711 in 1985, 65 (15.2%) of 428 in 1986, and 81 (14.6%) of 556 in 1987: corresponding findings in the other regions were 16 (5.0%) of 321, 41 (6.3%) of 654, and 21 (3.1%) of 678. The prevalence of HIV antibody was higher in homosexual than bisexual men, in patients aged 25 years or more, or with one or more specified minor complaints. Among heterosexual patients in the south east in 1986, HIV antibody was found in seven (3.0%) of 230 men and three (1.3%) of 233 women and in 1987 in 10 (1.0%) of 962 men and seven (0.7%) of 949 women. In other areas corresponding findings in 1986 were two (0.2%) of 950 men and three (0.4%) of 752 women and in 1987 were three (0.06%) of 5312 men and one (0.02%) of 4778 women. All but one of the heterosexual patients with the antibody were intravenous drug abusers or had had sexual contacts in or were from an area abroad with a high prevalence of AIDS. Failure to identify a heterosexual patient with HIV antibody not in a risk group (other than that of being an attender at the clinic) or who did not have a sexual partner in a risk group suggests that their prevalence in the patient population of the clinics in the south east is less than one in 700 and in the other regions less than one in 3000. Refusals to participate increased during the study but comparisons of patients who agreed and refused in terms of age, the presence of symptoms suggesting AIDS, travel abroad, and number of sexual partners a month showed little evidence of selective bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"415-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["HIV infection in patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in England and Wales. Collaborative Study by Consultants in Genitourinary Medicine and the Public Health Laboratory Service."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"298","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)93014-5","article-title":"AIDS and drug addicts in Europe","volume":"ii:","author":"Ancelle-Park, R.; Brunet, J.B.; Downs, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ancelle-Park R, Brunet JB, Downs A. AIDS and drug addicts in Europe. Lancet 1987;ii:626-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of HIV","volume":"1","author":"Piot, P.; Kreiss, J.K.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Piot P, Kreiss JK, Ndinya-Achola JO, et al. Heterosexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 1987;1:199-206.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"334","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control. CDC classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated irus infections","volume":"35","year":"1986","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. CDC classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III\/lymphadenopathy-associated irus infections. MMWR 1986;35:334-9.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"175","article-title":"Case-control studies; design, conduct, analysis","author":"Schlesselman, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schlesselman J. Case-control studies; design, conduct, analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982:175-7."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198802000-00008","article-title":"Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Greenblatt, R.U.; Lukehart, S.L.; Plummer, F.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Greenblatt RU, Lukehart SL, Plummer FA, et al. Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 1988;2:47-50.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198602133140704","article-title":"AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes","volume":"314","author":"Kreiss, J.K.; Koech, D.; Plummer, F.A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, et al. AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes. N EnglJ Med 1986;314:414-8.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"201","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa","volume":"2","author":"Carael, M.; Van De Perre, P.; Lepage, P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carael M, Van De Perre P, Lepage P, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa. AIDS 1988;2: 201-5.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720070048033","article-title":"Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection","volume":"259","author":"Holmberg, S.D.; Stewart, J.A.; Gerber, A.R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR, et al. Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection. JAMA 1988;259:1048-50.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390030051019","article-title":"Sexual practices and risk ot infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. The San Francisco men's health study","volume":"257","author":"Winkelstein, W.; Lyman, D.M.; Padian, N.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Winkelstein W, Lyman DM, Padian N, et al. Sexual practices and risk ot infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. The San Francisco men's health study. JAMA 1987;257:321-5.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91725-9","article-title":"Risk factors for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus among male homosexuals","volume":"i:","author":"Kingsley, L.A.; Detels, R.; Kaslow, R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kingsley LA, Detels R, Kaslow R, et al. Risk factors for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus among male homosexuals. Lancet 1987;i: 345-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114620","article-title":"Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands","volume":"125","author":"GJ, Van Griensven; RA, Tielman; J, Goudsmit","year":"1987","unstructured":"Van Griensven GJ, Tielman RA, Goudsmit J, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands. AmJI Epidemiol 1987;125: 1048-57.","journal-title":"AmJI Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400060064030","article-title":"Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"258","author":"Padian, N.; Marquis, L.; Francis, D.P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Padian N, Marquis L, Francis DP, et al. Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 1987;258:788-90.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720010033036","article-title":"Risk of human immunodeficiencv virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections","volume":"259","author":"Peterman, T.A.; Stoneburner, R.L.; Allen, JR, Jaffe; HW, Curran; J.W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Risk of human immunodeficiencv virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections. JAMA 1988;259:55-8.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"640","article-title":"Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS","volume":"257","author":"Fischl, M.A.; Dickinson, G.M.; Scott, G.B.; Klimas, N.; Fletcher, M.A.; Parks, W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, Parks W. Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS. 7AMA 1987;257:640-4."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370020058027","article-title":"HTLV 3\/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia","volume":"255","author":"Jason, J.M.; McDougal, J.S.; Dixon, G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jason JM, McDougal JS, Dixon G, et al. HTLV 3\/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia. JAMA 1986;255:212-5.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150815","article-title":"Prevalence of HTLV 3\/LAV antibodies in patients with hemophilia and in their sexual partners in France","volume":"315","author":"Allain, J.P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Allain JP. Prevalence of HTLV 3\/LAV antibodies in patients with hemophilia and in their sexual partners in France. N Engl7 Med 1986;315:517-8.","journal-title":"N Engl7 Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"695","article-title":"AIDS and haemophilia:morbidity and mortality in a well-defined population","volume":"291","author":"Jones, P.; Hamilton, P.J.; Bird, G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jones P, Hamilton PJ, Bird G, et al. AIDS and haemophilia:morbidity and mortality in a well-defined population. BrMedj 1985;291:695-9.","journal-title":"BrMedj"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198803033180901","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among childbearing women: estimation by testing samples of blood from newborns","volume":"318","author":"Hoff, R.; Berardi, V.P.; Weiblen, B.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hoff R, Berardi VP, Weiblen BJ, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among childbearing women: estimation by testing samples of blood from newborns. N EngltJ Med 1988;318:525-30.","journal-title":"N EngltJ Med"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Health and Social Security. On the state ofthe public health 1986","volume":"78","author":"Department of","year":"1987","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Security. On the state ofthe public health 1986. London: HMSO, 1987:78."},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"PHLS Conununicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the","volume":"2","year":"1988","unstructured":"PHLS Conununicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United Kingdom: 1988. 2. Unpublished."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801283180401","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"318","author":"Quinn, T.C.; Glasser, D.S.; Cannon, R.O.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Quinn TC, Glasser DS, Cannon RO, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. N EnglJ7 Med 1988;318: 197-202.","journal-title":"N EnglJ7 Med"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"656","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London","volume":"i:","author":"Carne, C.A.; Weller, I.V.D.; Johnson, A.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carne CA, Weller IVD, Johnson AM, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London. Lancet 1987;i:656-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91343-8","article-title":"Decrease in acute hepatitis B incidence continued in 1987","volume":"i:","author":"Polakoff, S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Polakoff S. Decrease in acute hepatitis B incidence continued in 1987. Lancet 1988;i:540.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"131","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infections among civilian applicants for United States Military Service, October 1985 to","volume":"317","author":"Burke, D.S.; Brundage, J.F.; Herbold, JR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Burke DS, Brundage JF, Herbold JR, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infections among civilian applicants for United States Military Service, October 1985 to March 1986. NEnglJ7Med 1987;317:131-6."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3022379","article-title":"AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm","volume":"234","author":"Quinn, T.C.; Mann, J.M.; Curran, J.W.; Piot, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science 1986;234:955-63.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400190083032","article-title":"Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in parturients","volume":"258","author":"Landesman, S.; Minkoff, H.; Holman, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Landesman S, Minkoff H, Holman S, et al. Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in parturients.JAMA 1987;258:2701-3.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:18:01Z","timestamp":1765261081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6671","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0959-8138"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]}}}