{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:35:17Z","timestamp":1765262117007,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6671","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]],"date-time":"1989-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":603763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most studies of the spread of HIV infection have centred on homosexuals and intravenous drug users. To estimate the extent of infection in different groups, including heterosexuals, the prevalence of HIV antibody was studied in 34,222 subjects tested with consent between October 1986 and December 1987 in England. These included subjects in high risk groups for HIV infection, heterosexuals with partners in the high risk groups and heterosexuals with multiple partners or with no identifiable risk factors. The prevalence was highest in homosexual or bisexual men in London (15.1%; 213\/1412), being 4.0% (146\/3607) outside London. The yearly incidence of infection in 632 homosexual or bisexual men without HIV antibody when retested during the study period was 3%. Among intravenous drug users the prevalence of HIV antibody was 5.7% (36\/633) in London and 1.5% (39\/2562) outside. Of 3272 heterosexual subjects tested, whose partner was in a risk group, eight of 515 (1.6%) in London and six of 2757 (0.2%) outside were positive for the antibody. Among 20,455 heterosexuals with a history of multiple partners or with no declared risk, only six subjects with HIV antibody were identified, two of whom had been infected abroad. Heterosexual spread of infection in England is evidently still largely confined to subjects whose partner has an identifiable risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6671.422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"422-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence of HIV antibody in high and low risk groups in England. Public Health Laboratory Service Working Group."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"298","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency sirus","volume":"296","author":"Johnson, A.M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johnson AM. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency sirus. BrMedJ 1988;296:1017-20.","journal-title":"BrMedJ"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"5","year":"1982","unstructured":"Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: United Kingdom, 1982-January 1988. Communicable Disease Report 1988;week 05:3.","journal-title":"Communicable Disease Report"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"Condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of genitourinary medicine: attitudes and behaviour in the light of HIV infection","author":"Sonnex, C.; Hart, G.J.; Williams, P.; Adler, M.W.","unstructured":"Sonnex C, Hart GJ, Williams P, Adler MW. Condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of genitourinary medicine: attitudes and behaviour in the light of HIV infection. Genitourin Med (in press).","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"473","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, and sexual behaviour of women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic","volume":"2","author":"Evans, B.A.; AMcCormack, S.M.; Bond, R.A.; MacRae, K.D.; Thorp, R.W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Evans BA, AMcCormack SM, Bond RA, MacRae KD, Thorp RW. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, and sexual behaviour of women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Br MedJ 1988;2%:473-5.","journal-title":"Br MedJ"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"509","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control. Public Health Service guidelines for counselling and antibody testing to prevent HIV infection and AIDS","volume":"36","year":"1987","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Public Health Service guidelines for counselling and antibody testing to prevent HIV infection and AIDS. MMWR 1987;36:509-1 5.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Anonymous testing of women attending antenatal clinics for evidence of infection with HIV","volume":"i:","author":"Heath, R.B.; Grint, P.C.A.; Hardiman, A.F.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heath RB, Grint PCA, Hardiman AF. Anonymous testing of women attending antenatal clinics for evidence of infection with HIV. Lancet 1988;i: 1394.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"656","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London","volume":"i:","author":"Carne, C.A.; Weller, I.V.D.; Johnson, A.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carne CA, Weller IVD, Johnson AM, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in London. Lancet 1987;i:656-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"924","article-title":"Willingness of homosexual and bisexual men in London to be screened for human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"293","author":"Welch, J.; Palmer, S.; Banatvala, J.E.; Bradbeer, C.; Barlow, D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Welch J, Palmer S, Banatvala JE, Bradbeer C, Barlow D. Willingness of homosexual and bisexual men in London to be screened for human immunodeficiency virus. Br MedJ7 1986;293:924."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6595.421","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and drug misuse: the Edinburgh experience","volume":"295","author":"Brettle, R.P.; Bissett, K.; Burns, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brettle RP, Bissett K, Burns S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus and drug misuse: the Edinburgh experience. Br Medj 1987;295:421-4.","journal-title":"Br Medj"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"920","article-title":"HIV and HBV infection in drug users in Glasgow","volume":"i:","author":"Follet, E.A.C.; Wallace, L.A.; McCruden, E.A.B.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Follet EAC, Wallace LA, McCruden EAB. HIV and HBV infection in drug users in Glasgow. Lancet 1987;i:920.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"291","article-title":"Service AIDS Centre. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the","volume":"16","author":"Public Health Laboratory","year":"1988","unstructured":"Public Health Laboratory Service AIDS Centre. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United Kingdom: quarterly report 1. 7 Infect 1988;16:291-302."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Prevalence of antibody to human T lvmphotropic virus type III by risk group and area, United Kingdom 1978-84","volume":"290","author":"Mortimer, P.P.; Jesson, W.J.; Vandervelde, E.M.; Pereira, M.I.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mortimer PP, Jesson WJ, Vandervelde EM, Pereira MIS. Prevalence of antibody to human T lvmphotropic virus type III by risk group and area, United Kingdom 1978-84. Br MedJ7 1985;290:1176-8."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"41","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection","volume":"ii:","author":"Carne, C.A.; Weller, I.D.V.; Sonnex, C.; Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.M.; Adler, M.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Carne CA, Weller IDV, Sonnex C, Johnson AM, Petherick AM, Adler MW. Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection. Lancet 1987;ii:41.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410070063029","article-title":"Comparison of HIV-antibody prevalence in patients consenting to and declining HIV-antibody testing in an STD clinic","volume":"260","author":"Hull, H.F.; Bettinger, C.J.; Gallaher, M.M.; Keller, N.M.; Wilson, J.; Mertz, G.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hull HF, Bettinger CJ, Gallaher MM, Keller NM, Wilson J, Mertz GJ. Comparison of HIV-antibody prevalence in patients consenting to and declining HIV-antibody testing in an STD clinic. JAMA 1988;260:935-8.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1129","article-title":"HTLV-III antibody in Edinburgh drug addicts","volume":"ii:","author":"Peutherer, J.F.; Edmond, E.; Simmonds, P.; Dickson, J.D.; Bath, G.E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Peutherer JF, Edmond E, Simmonds P, Dickson JD, Bath GE. HTLV-III antibody in Edinburgh drug addicts. 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