{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:35:47Z","timestamp":1790336147767,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6678","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]],"date-time":"1989-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":607996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis is an important public health problem in developed countries. Preventive treatment might effect a large reduction in the incidence, but this needs to be applied selectively to those women at increased risk. Loss of bone density results in an increased risk of fractures in the classical sites of vertebrae and proximal femur. A cross sectional study of bone density measurements was carried out in these sites in British women with a modern, precise densitometric technique. Possible predictors and risk factors for bone density were assessed in these women. Bone density was measured by dual photon absorptiometry in 284 apparently healthy women volunteers aged 21 to 68. The values obtained were similar to those obtained from equivalent studies performed in women in the United States. Peak adult bone density had been attained soon after the end of linear skeletal growth. Thereafter there was some decline with age in the proximal femur, but the major fall in bone density in all sites was related to the menopause. Other factors decreasing bone density, and hence increasing risk for osteoporosis, such as low body weight, alcohol and cigarette consumption, nulliparity, lack of previous use of oral contraceptives, and lack of regular exercise, seemed to be important. None, however, could predict satisfactorily women at future risk for osteoporosis. Direct measurements of bone density in the clinically relevant sites are necessary to determine which women should received preventive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. This would help make such treatment more cost effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"924-928","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":320,"title":["Determinants of bone density in normal women: risk factors for future osteoporosis?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"298","author":[{"given":"J. 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Lancet 1976;i: 1038-41.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-5-699","article-title":"Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy","volume":"97","author":"Genant, H.K.; Cann, C.E.; Ettinger, B.; Gordan, G.S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:699-705.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"489","article-title":"Assessment of therapeutic options for prevention of bone loss","author":"Stevenson, J.C.; Lees, B.; Banks, L.M.; Whitehead, M.I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stevenson JC, Lees B, Banks LM, Whitehead MI. Assessment of therapeutic options for prevention of bone loss. In: Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ, eds. Osteoporosis 1987. Viborg: Norhaven A\/S, 1987:489-93."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"899","article-title":"Evidence for two distinct syndromes of involutional osteoporosis","volume":"75","author":"Riggs, B.L.; Melton, L.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Evidence for two distinct syndromes of involutional osteoporosis. Am7Med 1983;75:899-901.","journal-title":"Am7Med"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"The earlier gain and later loss ofcortical bone","author":"Gain, S.M.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gain SM. The earlier gain and later loss ofcortical bone. Springfield III: Thomas, 1970."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"716","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging. J7 Clin Invest","volume":"70","author":"Riggs, B.L.; Wahner, H.W.; Seeman, E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E, et al. Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging.J7 Clin Invest 1982;70:716-23."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650020605","article-title":"Total body calcium in normal women: effect of age and menopause status","volume":"2","author":"Gallagher, J.C.; Goldger, D.; Moy, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gallagher JC, Goldger D, Moy A. Total body calcium in normal women: effect of age and menopause status.J Bone Mi Res 1987;2:491-6.","journal-title":"J Bone Mi Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0620329","article-title":"Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"62","author":"Krolner, B.; Nielsen, S.P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Krolner B, Nielsen SP. Bone mineral content of the lumbar spine in normal and osteoporotic women: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Clin Sci 1982;62:329-36.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"24","article-title":"Bone density specific fracture risk: a population based study of the relationship between osteoporosis and vertebral fractures","volume":"26","author":"Melton, L.J.; Wahner, H.W.; Richelson, L.S.; O'Fallon, W.M.; Dunn, W.L.; Riggs, B.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Melton LJ, Wahner HW, Richelson LS, O'Fallon WM, Dunn WL, Riggs BL. Bone density specific fracture risk: a population based study of the relationship between osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. J Nucl Med 1985;26:24.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"254","article-title":"Osteoporosis and the risk of hip fracture","volume":"124","author":"Melton, L.J.; Wahner, H.W.; Richelson, L.S.; O'Fallon, W.M.; Riggs, B.L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Melton LJ, Wahner HW, Richelson LS, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Osteoporosis and the risk of hip fracture. 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Carnforth: Parthenon, 1988:125-35."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110570","article-title":"Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton","volume":"69","author":"Seeman, E.; Wahner, H.W.; Offord, K.P.; Kumar, R.; Johnson, W.J.; Riggs, B.L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Seeman E, Wahner HW, Offord KP, Kumar R, Johnson WJ, Riggs BL. Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton.J Clin Invest 1982;69:1302-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113056","article-title":"Regional and total skeletal measurements in the early postmenopause","volume":"80","author":"Stevenson, J.C.; Banks, L.M.; Spinks, T.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stevenson JC, Banks LM, Spinks TJ, et al. Regional and total skeletal measurements in the early postmenopause. 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New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986:168-79."}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:43:47Z","timestamp":1765262627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6678","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.298.6678.924","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,8]]}}}