{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:21:32Z","timestamp":1783070492888,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6702","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,23]],"date-time":"1989-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":622512000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Five cases of asymptomatic maternal reinfection with rubella are described that occurred in England and Wales during 1985-8 and resulted in intrauterine infection. The criteria for diagnosing reinfection are described. In four cases the rubella contact was with the woman's own children. Two women had therapeutic abortions, rubella virus being recovered from the products of conception, and three were delivered of infants with congenitally acquired disease. Though the risks associated with maternal reinfection with rubella are very small and being measured in a prospective study, it is hoped that the recently introduced augmented programme of rubella vaccination will reduce rubella in the community and therefore this small risk still further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6702.773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"773-775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Fetal infection after maternal reinfection with rubella: criteria for defining reinfection."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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Washington, DC: Americats I'PLblic Health Association, 1989:731-95.","edition":"6th ed"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800029459","article-title":"Rubella-specific IgG subclass avidity ELISA and its role in the differentiation between primary rubella and rubella reinfection","volume":"101","author":"Thomas, H.I.J.; Morgan-Capner, P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thomas HIJ, Morgan-Capner P. Rubella-specific IgG subclass avidity ELISA and its role in the differentiation between primary rubella and rubella reinfection. Epidemiol Infect 1988;101:591-8.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"81","article-title":"Congenital rubella after maternal reinfection., Scandj Infect","volume":"11","author":"Forsgren, M.; Carlstrom, G.; Strangert, K.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Forsgren M, Carlstrom G, Strangert K. 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InPectsion 1984;12:96-8.","journal-title":"InPectsion"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"337","article-title":"Subclinical rubella reinfection in saccinated women with rubella-specific IgAM response during pregnancy and transmission of sirus to the fetus","volume":"17","author":"Forsgren, M.; Soren, L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Forsgren M, Soren L. Subclinical rubella reinfection in saccinated women with rubella-specific IgAM response during pregnancy and transmission of sirus to the fetus. Scandj Infect Dis 1985;17:337-41.","journal-title":"Scandj Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198811243192113","article-title":"Clinical rubella with virus transmission to the fetus in a pregnant woman considered to be immune","volume":"319","author":"Horstein, L.; Levy, U.; Fogel, A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Horstein L, Levy U, Fogel A. Clinical rubella with virus transmission to the fetus in a pregnant woman considered to be immune. N EnglJ Med 1988;319: 1415-6.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"88","article-title":"Maternal rubella at St rhomas' Hospital in 1978 and 1986: support for augmenting the rubella vaccination programme","volume":"ii:","author":"Best, J.M.; J1, Welch; Baker, D.A.; Banatvala, J.E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Best JM, Welch J1, Baker DA, Banatvala JE. Maternal rubella at St rhomas' Hospital in 1978 and 1986: support for augmenting the rubella vaccination programme. Iancet 1987;ii:88-90.","journal-title":"Iancet"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"343","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of rubella","volume":"ii:","author":"Morgan-Capner, P.; Rodeck, C.H.; Nicolaides, K.; Cradock-Watson, J.E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Morgan-Capner P, Rodeck CH, Nicolaides K, Cradock-Watson JE. Prenatal diagnosis of rubella. 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JMed lirol 1988;24:175-82.","journal-title":"JMed lirol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.4.639","article-title":"Viremia, virus excretion and antibody responses after challenge in volunteers with low levels of antibody to rubella virus","volume":"148","author":"O'Shea, S.; Best, J.M.; Banatvala, J.E.","year":"1983","unstructured":"O'Shea S, Best JM, Banatvala JE. Viremia, virus excretion and antibody responses after challenge in volunteers with low levels of antibody to rubella virus. J Itnfect Dis 1983;148:639-47.","journal-title":"J Itnfect Dis"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"18","article-title":"An early marker of fetal infection after primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Stern, H.; Hannington, G.; Booth, J.; Moncrieff, D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stern H, Hannington G, Booth J, Moncrieff D. An early marker of fetal infection after primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. 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