{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:55:27Z","timestamp":1784584527379,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6710","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]],"date-time":"1989-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":627350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To determine the occurrence of vertical transmission of HIV-I from women positive for the virus and the prognosis for their babies. DESIGN--Women presenting in labour were tested for HIV-I. Their newborn babies were also tested. Women positive for the virus were followed up with their babies for two years. SETTING--Teaching hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. SUBJECTS--1954 Women, of whom 227 were seropositive. Of 205 babies, 192 were positive for HIV-I. After birth 109 seropositive mothers and their babies and 40 seronegative mothers and their babies were available for follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Serological examination of mothers and their babies by western blotting. Birth weight and subsequent survival of babies. Women and babies were tested over two years for signs of seroconversion and symptoms of infection with HIV, AIDS related complex, and AIDS. RESULTS--Of the 109 babies born to seropositive mothers and available for follow up, 18 died before 8 months, 14 with clinical AIDS. Of the 91 remaining, 23 were seropositive at 8 months. By 24 months 23 of 86 surviving babies were seropositive, and a further five infected babies had died, four were terminally ill, 17 had AIDS related complex, and two had no symptoms. The overall rate of perinatal transmission was 42 out of 109 (39%). The overall mortality of infected children at 2 years was 19 out of 42 (44%). Before the age of 1 year infected children had pneumonia and recurrent coughs, thereafter symptoms included failure to thrive, recurrent diarrhoea and fever, pneumonia, candidiasis, and lymphodenopathy. All babies had received live attenuated vaccines before 8 months with no adverse affects. CONCLUSIONS--Vertical transmission from infected mothers to their babies is high in Zambia and prognosis is poor for the babies. Perinatal transmission and paediatric AIDS must be reduced, possibly by screening young women and counselling those positive for HIV-I against future pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"1250-1252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Perinatal transmission of HIV-I in Zambia."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"299","author":[{"given":"S. K.","family":"Hira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kamanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. J.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Tembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. L.","family":"Perine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Vertical transmission of HTLV-III","volume":"i:","author":"Chiodo, F.; Ricchi, E.; P1, Costigliola; et a","year":"1986","unstructured":"Chiodo F, Ricchi E, Costigliola P1, et a. Vertical transmission of HTLV-III. Lancet 1986;i:739.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of HTLV-Ill virus","volume":"312","author":"Lapointe, N.; Michaud, J.; IPekoic, D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lapointe N, Michaud J, IPekoic D, et al. Transplacental transmission of HTLV-Ill virus. N rhngl.led 1985;312:1325-6.","journal-title":"N rhngl.led"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"382","article-title":"Maternal transmission of acquired immune-deficiencv ssndrome","volume":"73","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cowan NIJ, Hcllmanii 1), Chudswin D, ei al. Maternal transmission of acquired immune-deficiencv ssndrome. Pediatrics 1984;73:382-6.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"133","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a child of a haemophiliac","volume":"i:","author":"Ragni, I.N.I.V.; Urbach, A.H.; Kicrnan, S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ragni INIV, Urbach AH, Kicrnan S, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a child of a haemophiliac. Lancet 1985;i: 133-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"285","article-title":"Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immunodcticiency syndrome or AIDS related complex","volume":"69","year":"1987","unstructured":"Minkoff H, Nanda I), Menez R, 1`ikrig S. Pregnancies resulting in infants with acquired immunodcticiency syndrome or AIDS related complex. Obstet Gvnecol 1987;69:285-91.","journal-title":"Obstet Gvnecol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Discasc (Control. Rexisitis of the CDC surveillance case definition acquircd inimunodeficicncy syndrome","volume":"36","year":"1987","unstructured":"Centers for Discasc (Control. Rexisitis of the CDC surveillance case definition acquircd inimunodeficicncy syndrome. MMWR 1987;36:1-18s.","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection","volume":"ii:","author":"Study, European Collaborative","year":"1988","unstructured":"European Collaborative Study. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Lancet 1988;ii: 1029-42.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:34:07Z","timestamp":1765269247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6710","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,11,18]]}}}