{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:44:10Z","timestamp":1772196250588,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6719","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,1,27]],"date-time":"1990-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":633398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To assess the association of lichen planus with liver complaints and with known aetiological factors of liver diseases. DESIGN--Multicentre case-control study. Interviews were conducted by trained medical investigators on the basis of a structured questionnaire. At the interview patients and controls were asked for consent to blood samples being taken to determine transaminase activities and the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. SETTING--Outpatient departments of 27 Italian general and teaching hospitals that were collaborating in the Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia (GISED). SUBJECTS--Incident cases and controls were eligible. A total of 577 patients with lichen planus and 1031 controls with dermatological diseases other than lichen planus were interviewed. Less than 1% of the people contacted refused to participate. Patients and controls were matched for sex and age in five year intervals. RESULTS--The risk of lichen planus was higher in patients with a history of liver diseases requiring hospital admission or specialist consultation (relative risk = 1.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.2 to 2.2), those who had had liver biopsy (5.5; 1.9 to 15.6), and those with a history of viral hepatitis (1.9; 1.1 to 3.1). High activities of liver enzymes and positive results of tests for hepatitis B virus surface antigen were also associated with lichen planus. The association with alcohol consumption was not clearly confirmed by a dose-risk relation. CONCLUSION--This study adds quantitative epidemiological evidence to the clinical observation that liver disease is a risk factor for lichen planus although not a specific marker of it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"227-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Lichen planus and liver diseases: a multicentre case-control study. Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia (GISED)."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"300","member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"HLA-DR and DQ antigens in lichen planus","volume":"68","author":"Valsecchi, R.; Bontempelli, M.; Rossi, A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Valsecchi R, Bontempelli M, Rossi A, et al. HLA-DR and DQ antigens in lichen planus. Acia Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988;68:77-80.","journal-title":"Acia Derm Venereol (Stockh)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb01736.x","article-title":"Lichen planus with late onset hypogammaglobulinaemia: a causal relationship?","volume":"106","author":"Mann, R.J.; Wallington, T.B.; Warin, R.P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mann RJ, Wallington TB, Warin RP. Lichen planus with late onset hypogammaglobulinaemia: a causal relationship? 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