{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:09:36Z","timestamp":1790615376688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6721","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,2,10]],"date-time":"1990-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":634608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To determine some personality and psychoneurotic characteristics of adults who have the sleepwalking-night terrors syndrome. DESIGN--Prospective assessment of two groups of consecutive patients with a firm diagnosis of either of two specific sleep disorders as established clinically and by polysomnography. SETTING--Outpatient sleep disorders clinic and sleep laboratory in a tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS--12 Patients referred consecutively to the clinic in whom a diagnosis of sleepwalking (six) or night terrors (six) was confirmed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Psychological characteristics as measured at the time of clinical assessment by means of the Eysenck personality questionnaire, the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire, and the Crown-Crisp experiential index. RESULTS--Both groups scored exceptionally highly on the hysteria scale of the Crown-Crisp experiential index and the night terrors group also scored highly on the anxiety scale. The patients with sleepwalking also scored highly on a measure of externally directed hostility. CONCLUSIONS--The physiological and psychological features identified in these patients, possibly reflecting different expressions of a constitutional cerebral characteristic, may be explored in terms of hysterical dissociation. The findings contribute to the debate concerning the nature of sleepwalking, in particular with and without the forensic aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6721.360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"360-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"A H","family":"Crisp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B M","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Oakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Crutchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"534","article-title":"Somnambulistic homicide. 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Brj Med Psvchol 1959;32:19-37.","journal-title":"Brj Med Psvchol"},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Sleep: its physiology, pathology, hygiene and psychology","author":"M, De Maraceine","year":"1897","unstructured":"De Maraceine M. Sleep: its physiology, pathology, hygiene and psychology. London: Walter Scott, 1897."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1963.01720160090012","volume":"9","author":"Sours, J.A.; Frumkin, P.; Indermill, R.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Sours JA, Frumkin P, Indermill R. Somnambulism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1963;9:400-13.","journal-title":"Somnambulism. Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","volume-title":"Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary","author":"Dorland, W.A.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Dorland WA. Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 24th ed. 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Physiological aspects of the stage 4 night terror","volume":"157","author":"Fisher, C.; Kahn, E.; Edwards, A.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, et al. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. I. Physiological aspects of the stage 4 night terror. J Nerzv Ment Dis 1973;157:75-98.","journal-title":"J Nerzv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire","author":"Eysenck, H.J.; Eysenck, S.B.G.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG. Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975."},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"Manual ofthe hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire (HDHQ)","author":"Caine, T.M.; Foulds, G.A.; Hope, K.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Caine TM, Foulds GA, Hope K. Manual ofthe hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire (HDHQ). London: University of London Press, 1967."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Manual of the Crown-Crisp experiential index","author":"Crown, S.; Crisp, A.H.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Crown S, Crisp AH. Manual of the Crown-Crisp experiential index. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1979."},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"A manual of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen, A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen A, Kales A, eds. A manual of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, United States Government Printing Office, 1968."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/2.1.1","article-title":"Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders","volume":"2","author":"Roffwarg, H.P.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Roffwarg HP, Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders. Sleep 1979;2:1-137.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"293","article-title":"Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population","volume":"37","author":"Crisp, A.H.; Ralph, P.C.; McGuiness, B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Crisp AH, Ralph PC, McGuiness B, et al. Psychoneurotic profiles in the adult population. Brj Med Psychol 1978;37:293-301.","journal-title":"Brj Med Psychol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1978.tb02472.x","article-title":"The Middlesex Hospital questionnaire: a salidity study","volume":"51","author":"Crisp, A.H.; Jones, G.M.; Slater, P.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Crisp AH, Jones GM, Slater P. The Middlesex Hospital questionnaire: a salidity study. 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