{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T23:16:42Z","timestamp":1765495002601,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6753","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]],"date-time":"1990-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":654566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To determine whether there are familial and genetic aspects of sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells in diabetic nephropathy. DESIGN--Case-control study. SETTING--Teaching hospital diabetic clinic. SUBJECTS--40 Patients with insulin dependent diabetes, both of whose parents were alive: 20 with persistent proteinuria and 20 with normal albumin excretion matched for age, duration of diabetes, and body mass index. All 80 parents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells and arterial blood pressure. RESULTS--Sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells was higher in the patients with proteinuria than in the patients with normoalbuminuria (mean (95% confidence interval) 0.47 (0.39 to 0.54) v 0.33 (0.28 to 0.38) mmol\/l red cells\/h respectively, p = 0.0036; mean difference 0.14 (0.04 to 0.22)). The mean countertransport activity for the two parents of each patient was calculated, and from this the mean value for each group of parents was calculated; the value was higher in the parents of the patients with proteinuria than in the parents of the patients with normoalbuminuria (0.40 (0.32 to 0.48) v 0.30 (0.26 to 0.33) mmol\/l red cells\/h respectively, p = 0.016; 0.10 (0.02 to 0.19)). Twenty-eight of the parents of the patients with proteinuria compared with 12 of the parents of the patients with normoalbuminuria had a countertransport activity that was above the median value in all 80 parents (p less than 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure in the parents of the patients with proteinuria was related to that of their offspring (r = 0.46; p less than 0.01). There was a positive correlation between the sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells in the parents and their offspring when all parents and patients were considered (r = 0.37; p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS--Increased sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells in the parents of diabetic patients with nephropathy provides further evidence that familial, and possibly genetic, factors related to a predisposition to arterial hypertension have a role in the susceptibility of diabetic renal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"635-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy and their parents."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"J D","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Viberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610040205","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy: etiology and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Viberti, G.C.; Walker, J.D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Viberti GC, Walker JD. Diabetic nephropathy: etiology and prevention. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988;4:147-62.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Rev"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90284-0","article-title":"The changing natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes","volume":"78","author":"Krowleski, A.S.; Warram, J.H.; Christlieb, A.R.; Busick, E.J.; Kahn, C.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Krowleski AS, Warram JH, Christlieb AR, Busick EJ, Kahn CR. The changing natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Am J Med 1985;78:785-94.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"178","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy: fault or destiny?","volume":"21","author":"Deckert, T.; Poulsen, J.E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Deckert T, Poulsen JE. Diabetic nephropathy: fault or destiny? Diabetologia 1981;21:178-83.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"437","article-title":"The natural history of diabetic renal disease","volume":"41","author":"Watkins, P.J.; Blainey, J.D.; Brewer, D.B.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Watkins PJ, Blainey JD, Brewer DB, et al. The natural history of diabetic renal disease. QJ7Med 1972;41:437-56."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"496","article-title":"Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: an epidemiological study","volume":"25","author":"Andersen, A.R.; Sandhl-Christiansen, J.; Andersen, J.K.; Kreiner, S.; Deckert, T.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Andersen AR, Sandhl-Christiansen J, Andersen JK, Kreiner S, Deckert T. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: an epidemiological study. Diabetologia 1983;25:496-501.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905043201801","article-title":"Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"320","author":"Seaquist, E.R.; Goetz, F.C.; Rich, S.; Barbosa, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J. Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease. N EnglJ7 Med 1989;320:1161-5.","journal-title":"N EnglJ7 Med"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"515","article-title":"Raised arterial pressure in parents of proteinuric insulin-dependent diabetics","volume":"295","author":"Viberti, G.C.; Keen, H.; Wiseman, M.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Viberti GC, Keen H, Wiseman MJ. Raised arterial pressure in parents of proteinuric insulin-dependent diabetics. BrMedJ7 1987;295:515-7.","journal-title":"BrMedJ7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801213180303","article-title":"Predisposition to hypertension and susceptibility to renal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"318","author":"Krolewski, A.S.; Canessa, M.; Warram, J.H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Krolewski AS, Canessa M, Warram JH, et al. Predisposition to hypertension and susceptibility to renal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N EnglJ7 Med 1988;318:140-5.","journal-title":"N EnglJ7 Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198801213180304","article-title":"Increased sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"318","author":"Mangili, R.; Bending, J.J.; Scott, G.; Li, L.K.; Gupta, A.; Viberti, G.C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mangili R, Bending JJ, Scott G, Li LK, Gupta A, Viberti GC. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1988;318: 146-50.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.15.6.570","article-title":"Sodium lithium countertransport activity is increased in microalbuminuric diabetics","volume":"19","author":"Jones, S.L.; Trevisan, R.; Tariq, T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones SL, Trevisan R, Tariq T, et al. Sodium lithium countertransport activity is increased in microalbuminuric diabetics. Hypertension 1990;19:570-5.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"14","article-title":"Hypertension and sodium-lithium countertransport in Utah pedigrees: evidence for major locus inheritance. AmJ7 Hum Genet","volume":"43","author":"Hasstedt, S.J.; Wu, L.L.; Ash, K.O.; Kuida, H.; Williams, R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hasstedt SJ, Wu LL, Ash KO, Kuida H, Williams R. Hypertension and sodium-lithium countertransport in Utah pedigrees: evidence for major locus inheritance. AmJ7 Hum Genet 1988;43:14-22."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90620-2","article-title":"An immunoassay for urinary albumin at low concentrations","volume":"u:","author":"Keen, H.; Chlouverakis, G.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Keen H, Chlouverakis G. An immunoassay for urinary albumin at low concentrations. Lancet 1963;u:913-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"37","key":"ref_13","first-page":"81","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single method using 5CrEDTA","volume":"1969","author":"Chantler, C.; Garnett, E.S.; Parsons, V.; Veall, N.","unstructured":"Chantler C, Garnett ES, Parsons V, Veall N. Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the single method using 5CrEDTA. Clin Sci 1969;37:81 1-3.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"218","article-title":"Correlation and regression","author":"Ryan, B.F.; Joiner, B.L.; TA, Jr, Ryan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ryan BF, Joiner BL, Ryan TA Jr. Correlation and regression. In: Ryan BF, Joiner BL, Ryan TA Jr, eds. Minitab handbook. 2nd ed. Boston: Duxbury Press 1985:218-36.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198004033021403","article-title":"Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in red cells of patients with essential hypertension","volume":"302","author":"Canessa, M.; Adragna, N.; Solomon, H.S.; Connolly, B.; Tosteson, D.C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Canessa M, Adragna N, Solomon HS, Connolly B, Tosteson DC. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in red cells of patients with essential hypertension. N Englj Med 1980;302:772-6.","journal-title":"N Englj Med"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601233140407","article-title":"Cellular sodium transport in essential hypertension","volume":"314","author":"Hilton, P.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hilton PJ. Cellular sodium transport in essential hypertension. N Englj Med 1986;314:222-9.","journal-title":"N Englj Med"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"136","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiological studies on electrolyte transport systems in hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Williams, R.R.; Hunt, S.C.; Wu, L.L.; Hasstedt, S.J.; Hopkins, P.N.; Ash, K.O.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Williams RR, Hunt SC, Wu LL, Hasstedt SJ, Hopkins PN, Ash KO. Genetic and epidemiological studies on electrolyte transport systems in hypertension. Clin Physiol Biochem 1988;6:136-49.","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6741-0_14","article-title":"Oubain sensitive and insensitive cation transport in normoand hypertensives in hyperkalaemic states","volume-title":"Topics in pathophysiology ofhypertension","author":"Erdmann, E.; Schmidinger, U.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Erdmann E, Schmidinger U. Oubain sensitive and insensitive cation transport in normoand hypertensives in hyperkalaemic states. In: Villareal H, Sambhi MP, eds. Topics in pathophysiology ofhypertension. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984:162-71."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"783","article-title":"Na transport and co-transport in human red cells; function, dysfunction and genes in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens","volume":"3","author":"Canessa, M.; Bize, I.; Solomon, H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Canessa M, Bize I, Solomon H, et al. Na transport and co-transport in human red cells; function, dysfunction and genes in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1981;3:783-95."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208123070706","article-title":"Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of pregnant women","volume":"307","author":"Woorley, R.J.; Hentschell, W.M.; Cormier, C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Woorley RJ, Hentschell WM, Cormier C, et al. Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of pregnant women. N Engl J Med 1982;307:412-6.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reversible alteration of red cell sodiumlithium countertransport in patients with thyroid disease","volume":"68","author":"Brent, G.A.; Canessa, M.; Dluhy, R.G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brent GA, Canessa M, Dluhy RG. Reversible alteration of red cell sodiumlithium countertransport in patients with thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:1-7.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90169-9","article-title":"Elevation of red cell sodiumlithium countertransport in hyperlipaemias","volume":"36","author":"true","year":"1985","unstructured":"Corrocher R, Steinmayer M, Ruzzenente 0, et al. Elevation of red cell sodiumlithium countertransport in hyperlipaemias. Life Sci 1985;36:649-55.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198610000-00014","article-title":"Relations between erythrocyte lithium efflux, blood pressure and family histories of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Studies in a factory workforce and a hypertension clinic","volume":"4","author":"Morgan, D.B.; Stewart, A.D.; Davidson, C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morgan DB, Stewart AD, Davidson C. Relations between erythrocyte lithium efflux, blood pressure and family histories of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Studies in a factory workforce and a hypertension clinic. J Hypertens 1986;4:609-15.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"101","article-title":"Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport in primary and renal hypertension and relation to family history","volume":"19","author":"Carr, S.J.; Thomas, T.H.; Wilkinson, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carr SJ, Thomas TH, Wilkinson R. Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport in primary and renal hypertension and relation to family history. EurJ ClGn Invest 1989;19:101-6.","journal-title":"EurJ ClGn Invest"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.56.6.773","article-title":"The plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger and its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes","volume":"56","author":"Mahnensmith, R.L.; Aronson, P.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mahnensmith RL, Aronson PS. The plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger and its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Circ Res 1985;56:773-8.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"219","article-title":"Kinetics and stoichiometry of the human red cell Na+\/H+ exchanger.j MembrBiol","volume":"107","author":"Semplicini, A.; Spalvins, A.; Canessa, M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Semplicini A, Spalvins A, Canessa M. Kinetics and stoichiometry of the human red cell Na+\/H+ exchanger.j MembrBiol 1989;107:219-28."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198800120-00013","article-title":"Genetic differences in lithium sodium exchanger and the regulation of sodium hydrogen exchange in essential hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Canessa, M.; Morgan, K.; Semplicini, A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Canessa M, Morgan K, Semplicini A. Genetic differences in lithium sodium exchanger and the regulation of sodium hydrogen exchange in essential hypertension.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988;12 (suppl 3):S92-8.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601233140402","article-title":"Red. cell sodium-lithium countertransport and renal lithium clearance in hypertension","volume":"314","author":"Weder, A.B.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Weder AB. Red. cell sodium-lithium countertransport and renal lithium clearance in hypertension. N EnglJa Med 1986;314:198-201.","journal-title":"N EnglJa Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041140306","article-title":"Analysis of angiotensin-stimulated Na transport in cultured smooth muscle from rat aorta","volume":"114","author":"Smith, J.B.; Brock, T.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Smith JB, Brock TA. Analysis of angiotensin-stimulated Na transport in cultured smooth muscle from rat aorta.J Cell Physiol 1983;114:284-90.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"199","article-title":"Overactivity of sodium-hydrogen antiport and enhanced cell growth in fibroblasts of type 1 (insulindependent) diabetics with nephropathy","volume":"37","author":"Li, L.K.; Trevisan, R.; Walker, J.D.; Viberti, G.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Li LK, Trevisan R, Walker JD, Viberti GC. Overactivity of sodium-hydrogen antiport and enhanced cell growth in fibroblasts of type 1 (insulindependent) diabetics with nephropathy [Abstract]. Kidney Int 1990;37: 199A."}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T23:12:11Z","timestamp":1765494731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6753","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6753.635","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0959-8138"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-5833"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,9,29]]}}}