{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:36:19Z","timestamp":1791333379717,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6756","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]],"date-time":"1990-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":655776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/company\/legal-information\/terms-conditions\/legal-information\/tdm-licencepolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE--To assess the prevalence of symptoms and signs of acute mountain sickness of the Swiss Alps. DESIGN--A study using an interview and clinical examination in a representative population of mountaineers. Positive symptoms and signs were assigned scores to quantify the severity of acute mountain sickness. SETTING--Four huts in the Swiss Alps at 2850 m, 3050 m, 3650 m, and 4559 m. SUBJECTS--466 Climbers, mostly recreational: 47 at 2850 m, 128 at 3050 m, 82 at 3650, and 209 at 4559 m. RESULTS--In all, 117 of the subjects were entirely free of symptoms and clinical signs of acute mountain sickness; 191 had one or two symptoms and signs; and 158 had more than two. Those with more than two symptoms and signs were defined as suffering from acute mountain sickness. At 4559 m 11 climbers presented with high altitude pulmonary oedema or cerebral oedema, or both. Men and women were equally affected. The prevalence of acute mountain sickness correlated with altitude: it was 9% at 2850 m, 13% at 3050 m, 34% at 3650 m, and 53% at 4559 m. The most frequent symptoms and signs were insomnia, headache, peripheral oedema, and scanty pulmonary rales. Severe headache, vomiting, dizziness, tachypnoea, and pronounced pulmonary rales were associated with other symptoms and signs and therefore characteristic of acute mountain sickness. CONCLUSION--Acute mountain sickness is not an uncommon disease at moderately high altitude--that is, above 2800 m. Severe headache, vomiting, dizziness, tachypnoea, and pronounced pulmonary rales indicate severe acute mountain sickness, and subjects who suffer these should immediately descend to lower altitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,2]],"date-time":"2009-04-02T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1238685595000},"page":"853-855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in the Swiss Alps."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Maggiorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Oelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Mountain sickness, prevention, recognition and treatment","author":"Hackett, P.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hackett PH. Mountain sickness, prevention, recognition and treatment. New York: American Alpine Club, 1980."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)91677-9","article-title":"The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness","volume":"ii:","author":"Hackett, P.H.; Rennie, D.; Levine, H.D.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD. The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet 1976;ii: 1149-54.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90393-0","article-title":"Rales, peripheral edema, retinal hemorrhage and acute mountain sickness","volume":"67","author":"Hackett, P.H.; Rennie, D.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hackett PH, Rennie D. Rales, peripheral edema, retinal hemorrhage and acute mountain sickness. Amni Med 1979;67:214-8.","journal-title":"Amni Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330030034021","article-title":"Acute mountain sickness and acetazolamide. Clinical efficacy and effect on ventilation","volume":"248","author":"Larson, E.B.; Roach, R.C.; Schoene, R.B.; Hornbeim, T.F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Larson EB, Roach RC, Schoene RB, Hornbeim TF. Acute mountain sickness and acetazolamide. Clinical efficacy and effect on ventilation. JAMA 1982;248:328-32.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"162","article-title":"Incidence of acute mountain sickness","volume":"27","author":"Houston, C.S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Houston CS. Incidence of acute mountain sickness. Anerican Alpine Journal 1985;27: 162-5.","journal-title":"Anerican Alpine Journal"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420050082044","article-title":"Incidence of acute mountain sickness at intermediate altitude","volume":"261","author":"Montgomery, A.B.; Mills, J.; Luce, J.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Montgomery AB, Mills J, Luce JM. Incidence of acute mountain sickness at intermediate altitude. JAMA 1989;261:732-4.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Successful treatment of acute mountain sickness with dexamethasone","volume":"7","author":"294:","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ferrazzini G, Maggiorini M, Kriemler S, Bartsch P, Oelz 0. Successful treatment of acute mountain sickness with dexamethasone. Br Med 7 1987;294: 1380-2.","journal-title":"Br Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"241","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms, x-ray and physiological correlations at high altitude","volume-title":"Hvpoxia: the adaptations","author":"Bartsch, P.; Vock, P.; Maggiorini, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bartsch P, Vock P, Maggiorini M, et al. Respiratory symptoms, x-ray and physiological correlations at high altitude. In: Sutton JR, Coates G, Remmers JE, eds. Hvpoxia: the adaptations. Philadelphia: Decker, 1990: 241-5."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.2.752","article-title":"Enhanced fibrin formation in high altitude pulmonary edema","volume":"63","author":"Bartsch, P.; Waber, U.; Haeberli, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bartsch P, Waber U, Haeberli A, et al. Enhanced fibrin formation in high altitude pulmonary edema.J Appl Physiol 1987;63:752-7.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91051-9","article-title":"Obesity as risk factor for acute mountain sickness","volume":"ii:","author":"Hirata, K.; Masuyama, S.; Saito, A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hirata K, Masuyama S, Saito A. Obesity as risk factor for acute mountain sickness. Lancet 1989;ii:1040-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"866","article-title":"Das Hothenodem in den Schweizer Alpen. Beobachtungen uber Inzidenz, Klinik und Verlauf bei 50 Patienten der Jahre 1980-1984","volume":"116","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hochstrasser J, Nanzer A, Oelz 0. Das Hothenodem in den Schweizer Alpen. Beobachtungen uber Inzidenz, Klinik und Verlauf bei 50 Patienten der Jahre 1980-1984. 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London: Current Medical Literature, 1989."}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/data.bmj.org\/tdm\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T23:19:40Z","timestamp":1765495180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6756","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.301.6756.853","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,13]]}}}