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This raises the issue of how low serum oestrogen concentrations have to be for bone loss to occur. This is difficult to assess directly, but evidence is available from studies of postmenopausal women using oestrogen replacement therapy. Treatment with transdermal oestradiol, which produces serum oestradiol concentrations around 110-160 pmol\/l and a proportionate rise in oestrone concentrations, has been shown to arrest bone loss in postmenopausal women.23 29 Although a definite dose-response relation exists between oestrogen dosage and the bone response when oestrogen is given orally,30 this is difficult to translate into serum oestradiol concentrations because several biologically active metabolites","author":"J.U.L.Y.","year":"1991","unstructured":"JULY 1991 higher than those seen in postmenopausal controls. This raises the issue of how low serum oestrogen concentrations have to be for bone loss to occur. This is difficult to assess directly, but evidence is available from studies of postmenopausal women using oestrogen replacement therapy. Treatment with transdermal oestradiol, which produces serum oestradiol concentrations around 110-160 pmol\/l and a proportionate rise in oestrone concentrations, has been shown to arrest bone loss in postmenopausal women.23 29 Although a definite dose-response relation exists between oestrogen dosage and the bone response when oestrogen is given orally,30 this is difficult to translate into serum oestradiol concentrations because several biologically active metabolites appear in the blood.28"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310180022025","article-title":"Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomised women: determination by quantitative computed tomography","volume":"244","author":"Cann, C.E.; Genant, H.K.; Ettinger, B.; Gordan, G.S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cann CE, Genant HK, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomised women: determination by quantitative computed tomography. 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