{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T07:50:22Z","timestamp":1773474622379,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6833","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,18]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T12:16:37Z","timestamp":1238415397000},"page":"1022-1027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pinpointing clusters of apparently sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"R. S.","family":"Bhopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Diggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Rowlingson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"Second Report ofthe committee ofinquuy into the outbreak oflegionnaires'","volume-title":"disease in Stafford in April","author":"Committee of Inquiry","year":"1985","unstructured":"Committee of Inquiry. Second Report ofthe committee ofinquuy into the outbreak oflegionnaires' disease in Stafford in April 1985. London: HMSO, 1987."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-2-164","article-title":"Sporadic legionellosis in the United States: the first thousand cases","volume":"94","author":"AC, III, England; DW, Fraser; BD, Plikaytis; TF, Tsai; G, Storch; CV, Broome","year":"1981","unstructured":"England AC III, Fraser DW, Plikaytis BD, Tsai TF, Storch G, Broome CV. Sporadic legionellosis in the United States: the first thousand cases. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:164-70.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800056430","article-title":"Variation in time and space of non-outbreak legionnaires'","volume":"106","author":"Bhopal, R.S.; Fallon, R.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhopal RS, Fallon RJ. Variation in time and space of non-outbreak legionnaires' disease in Scotiand. Epidemiol Infect 1991;106:45-61.","journal-title":"disease in Scotiand. Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390090087029","article-title":"Legionnaires' disease acquired within the homes of two patients. Link to the home water supply","volume":"257","author":"Stout, J.E.; Yu, V.L.; Muraca, P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stout JE, Yu VL, Muraca P. Legionnaires' disease acquired within the homes of two patients. Link to the home water supply.JAMA 1987;257:1215-7.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.3.572","article-title":"Two cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease: evidence for association with a cooling tower","volume":"159","author":"Addis, D.G.; Davis, J.P.; Wand, P.J.; McKinney, R.M.; Gradus, H.S.; Martins, R.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Addis DG, Davis JP, Wand PJ, McKinney RM, Gradus HS, Martins RR. Two cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease: evidence for association with a cooling tower. J Infect Dis 1989;159:572-5.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Legionella infections","author":"Bartlett, C.R.L.; Macrae, A.D.; Macfarlane, J.T.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bartlett CRL, Macrae AD, Macfarlane JT. Legionella infections. London: Edward Arnold, 1986."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"153","article-title":"Seasonal variation of legionnaires'","volume":"22","author":"Bhopal, R.S.; Fallon, R.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhopal RS, Fallon RJ. Seasonal variation of legionnaires' disease in Scotland. JInfect 1991;22:153-60.","journal-title":"disease in Scotland. JInfect"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"281","article-title":"A framework for investigating geographical variation in diseases, based on a study of legionnaires'","volume":"13","author":"Bhopal, R.S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhopal RS. A framework for investigating geographical variation in diseases, based on a study of legionnaires' disease. J Public Health Med 1991;13: 281-9.","journal-title":"disease. J Public Health Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1068\/a231447","article-title":"The relative utility of the Central Postcode Directory and Pinpoint Address Code in applications of geograpical information systems","volume":"23","author":"Gatrell, A.C.; Dunn, C.E.; Boyle, P.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gatrell AC, Dunn CE, Boyle PJ. The relative utility of the Central Postcode Directory and Pinpoint Address Code in applications of geograpical information systems. Environment and PlanningA 1991;23:1447-58.","journal-title":"Environment and PlanningA"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"380","article-title":"Outbreak of legionellosis in a community","volume":"ii:","author":"hoc Committee, Ad","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ad hoc Committee. Outbreak of legionellosis in a community. Lancet 1986;ii:380-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"393","article-title":"Outbreak of legionnaires'","volume":"97","author":"Timbury, M.C.; Donaldson, JR, McCartney; AC, Fallon; RJ, Fleigh; JD, Lyon; D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Timbury MC, Donaldson JR, McCartney AC, Fallon RJ, Fleigh JD, Lyon D, et al. Outbreak of legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary: microbiological aspects. J Hyg (Camb) 1986;97:393-403.","journal-title":"disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary: microbiological aspects. J Hyg (Camb)"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"199","article-title":"Computerised mapping of health data","volume":"42","author":"Nimmo, A.W.; Alexander, E.; Innes, G.; Paterson, J.G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nimmo AW, Alexander E, Innes G, Paterson JG. Computerised mapping of health data. Health Bull (Edinb) 1984;42:199-208.","journal-title":"Health Bull (Edinb)"},{"key":"ref_13","article-title":"Second-order analysis of space-time clustering","author":"Diggle, P.J.; Chetwynd, A.G.; Haggkvist, R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Diggle PJ, Chetwynd AG, Haggkvist R. Second-order analysis of space-time clustering. Lancaster: Lancaster University, 1991. (Department of Mathematics technical report.)"},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Spatial statistics","author":"Ripley, B.D.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ripley BD. Spatial statistics. New York: Wiley, 1981."},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Statistical analysis ofspatial point patterns","author":"Diggle, P.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Diggle PJ. Statistical analysis ofspatial point patterns. London: Academic Press, 1983."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2307\/2347366","article-title":"A kemel method for smoothing point process data","volume":"34","author":"Diggle, P.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Diggle PJ. A kemel method for smoothing point process data. Applied Statistics 1985;34: 138-47.","journal-title":"Applied Statistics"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"6","article-title":"A sobering start for the cluster buster's conference","volume":"I):","author":"Rothman, K.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rothman KJ. A sobering start for the cluster buster's conference. Am7 Epidemiol 1990;132(suppl I): S6-13."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240007100X","article-title":"Legionella infections in Scotland","volume":"89","author":"Fallon, R.J.; Abraham, W.H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fallon RJ, Abraham WH. Legionella infections in Scotland. J Hyg (Camb) 1982;89:439-48.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Camb)"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"197","article-title":"Legionnaires' disease at Stafford: management of an epidemic","volume":"i:","author":"Rashed, K.; Mason, A.; Gibson, J.; Francis, J.; Fairfax, A.; Doggett, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rashed K, Mason A, Gibson J, Francis J, Fairfax A, Doggett P. Legionnaires' disease at Stafford: management of an epidemic. Lancet 1986;i: 197-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"97","article-title":"Surveillance of disease and information on laboratory request forms: the example of legionnaires'","volume":"22","author":"Bhopal, R.S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhopal RS. Surveillance of disease and information on laboratory request forms: the example of legionnaires' disease. J Infect 1991;22:97-8.","journal-title":"disease. J Infect"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198407000-00001","article-title":"Sporadic legionnaires' disease: a clinical observation on 87 nosocomial and community-acquired cases","volume":"288","author":"Helms, C.M.; Viner, J.P.; Weisenburger, D.D.; Chiu, L.C.; Renner, E.D.; Johnson, W.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Helms CM, Viner JP, Weisenburger DD, Chiu LC, Renner ED, Johnson W. Sporadic legionnaires' disease: a clinical observation on 87 nosocomial and community-acquired cases. AmJ Med Sci 1984;288:2-12.","journal-title":"AmJ Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Acute respiratory infections in adults","author":"McFarlane, J.T.","unstructured":"McFarlane JT. Acute respiratory infections in adults. In: Brewis RAL, Gibson GJ, Geddes DM, eds. Respiratory medicine. London: Bailliere-Tindall, 1990:906."}],"container-title":["BMJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T10:49:57Z","timestamp":1601117397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6833","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-8138","1468-5833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-8138","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-5833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,18]]}}}